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The Uniform Invoice or Unified Invoice (統一發票 pinyin: Tǒngyī fāpiào), is a type of receipt in Taiwan that is issued by merchants for selling products and services, kept by both seller and consumer, with a 8-digit number for each one, for taxation purposes, managed by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of China (Taiwan) existing in many form such as hand-written 2-copy, 3-copy ...
Zone 8 uses four 2-digit codes (81, 82, 84, 86) and four sets of 3-digit codes (80x, 85x, 87x, 88x) to serve East Asia, South Asia and special services. 83x and 89x are unallocated. Zone 9 uses seven 2-digit codes (90–95, 98) and three sets of 3-digit codes (96x, 97x, 99x) to serve the Middle East , West Asia , Central Asia , parts of South Asia and Eastern Europe .
- History
- Contents
- Application
- Enforcement
- Legacy
- New Challenges
- See Also
- Further Reading
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The Swiss businessman Henry Dunant went to visit wounded soldiers after the Battle of Solferino in 1859. He was shocked by the lack of facilities, personnel, and medical aid available to help these soldiers. As a result, he published his book, A Memory of Solferino, in 1862, on the horrors of war.His wartime experiences inspired Dunant to propose: ...
The Geneva Conventions are rules that apply only in times of armed conflict and seek to protect people who are not or are no longer taking part in hostilities. The first convention dealt with the treatment of wounded and sick armed forces in the field. The second convention dealt with the sick, wounded, and shipwrecked members of armed forces at se...
The Geneva Conventions apply at times of war and armed conflict to governments who have ratified its terms. The details of applicability are spelled out in Common Articles 2 and 3.
Protecting powers
The term protecting powerhas a specific meaning under these Conventions. A protecting power is a state that is not taking part in the armed conflict, but that has agreed to look after the interests of a state that is a party to the conflict. The protecting power is a mediator enabling the flow of communication between the parties to the conflict. The protecting power also monitors the implementation of these Conventions, such as by visiting the zone of conflict and prisoners of war. The prote...
Grave breaches
Not all violations of the treaty are treated equally. The most serious crimes are termed grave breaches and provide a legal definition of a war crime. Grave breaches of the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions include the following acts if committed against a person specifically protected by the conventions: 1. willful killing, torture or inhumane treatment, including biological experiments 2. willfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health 3. compelling a protected perso...
Right to a fair trial when no crime is alleged
Soldiers, as prisoners of war, will not receive a trial unless the allegation of a war crime has been made. According to article 43 of the 1949 Conventions, soldiers are employed for the purpose of serving in war; engaging in armed conflict is legitimate, and does not constitute a grave breach. Should a soldier be arrested by belligerent forces, they are to be considered "lawful combatants" and afforded the protectorate status of a prisoner of war (POW) until the cessation of the conflict.Hum...
Although warfare has changed dramatically since the Geneva Conventions of 1949, they are still considered the cornerstone of contemporary international humanitarian law. They protect combatants who find themselves hors de combat, and they protect civilians caught up in the zone of war. These treaties came into play for all recent non-international ...
Artificial intelligence and autonomous weapon systems, such as military robots and cyber-weapons, are creating challenges in the creation, interpretation and application of the laws of armed conflict. The complexity of these new challenges, as well as the speed in which they are developed, complicates the application of the Conventions, which have ...
Matthew Evangelista and Nina Tannenwald (eds.). 2017. Do the Geneva Conventions Matter?Oxford University Press.Giovanni Mantilla, "Conforming Instrumentalists: Why the USA and the United Kingdom Joined the 1949 Geneva Conventions," European Journal of International Law, Volume 28, Issue 2, May 2017, Pages 4...Helen Kinsella, "The image before the weapon : a critical history of the distinction between combatant and civilian" Cornell University Press.Boyd van Dijk (2022). Preparing for War: The Making of the Geneva Conventions. Oxford University Press.The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 public domain audiobook at LibriVoxOn 7 October 2023, Hamas and several other Palestinian militant groups launched coordinated armed incursions from the Gaza Strip into the Gaza envelope of southern Israel, the first invasion of Israeli territory since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups named the attacks Operation Al-Aqsa Flood (or Deluge ...
Ruby Franke (née Griffiths; born January 18, 1982) is an American former family vlogger who ran the now defunct YouTube channel called 8 Passengers. On August 30, 2023, Ruby Franke and Jodi Hildebrandt were arrested in Washington County, Utah , and charged with six counts of aggravated child abuse of two of Franke's children under Utah law, four counts to which she pled guilty.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service for the United States federal government, which is responsible for collecting U.S. federal taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code, the main body of the federal statutory tax law.It is an agency of the Department of the Treasury and led by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who is appointed to a five-year term by the ...
Seven (often stylized as Se7en) is a 1995 American crime thriller film directed by David Fincher and written by Andrew Kevin Walker.It stars Brad Pitt, Morgan Freeman, Gwyneth Paltrow, and John C. McGinley.Set in an unnamed, crime-ridden city, Seven ' s narrative follows disenchanted, nearly retired detective William Somerset (Freeman) and his newly transferred partner David Mills (Pitt) as ...
