搜尋結果
TSMC was founded in Taiwan in 1987 by Morris Chang as the world's first dedicated semiconductor foundry. It has long been the leading company in its field. [15] [16] When Chang retired in 2018, after 31 years of TSMC leadership, Mark Liu became chairman and C. C. Wei became Chief Executive.
Alain Fabien Maurice Marcel Delon, was born on 8 November 1935 in Sceaux, in the Seine department (now Hauts-de-Seine ), a wealthy suburb of Paris. Son of François Fabien Delon ( Craponne-sur-Arzon, 12 March 1904 - 1977), director of the cinema Le Régina in Bourg-la-Reine, and Édith Arnold (1911–1995), employed in a pharmacy, he was born ...
List of Pixar films. Pixar Animation Studios is an American CGI film production company based in Emeryville, California, United States. Pixar has produced 27 feature films, which were all released by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures through the Walt Disney Pictures banner, with their first being Toy Story (which was also the first ...
- Geographic Distribution
- History
- Etymology
- Playing Card Decks
- Cartomancy
- References
The use of tarot playing cards was at one time widespread across the whole of Europe except the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula. Having fallen into decline by the 20th century, they later experienced a renaissance in some countries and regions. For example, French Tarot was largely confined to Provence in the 18th century, but took off in t...
Playing cards and early tarot-like games
Playing cards first entered Europe in the late 14th century, but the origin is unknown. The first records date to 1367 in Bern and they appear to have spread very rapidly across the whole of Europe, as may be seen from the records, mainly of card games being banned. Little is known about the appearance and number of these cards, the only significant information being provided by a text by John of Rheinfelden in 1377 from Freiburg im Breisgau, who, in addition to other versions, describes the...
Early tarot decks
The first documented tarot decks were recorded between 1440 and 1450 in Milan, Ferrara, Florence and Bologna, when additional trump cards with allegorical illustrations were added to the common four-suit pack. These new decks were called carte da trionfi, triumph cards, and the additional cards known simply as trionfi, which became "trumps" in English. The earliest documentation of trionfi is found in a written statement in the court records of Florence, in 1440, regarding the transfer of two...
Propagation
Because the earliest tarot cards were hand-painted, the number of the decks produced is thought to have been small. It was only after the invention of the printing press that mass production of cards became possible. The expansion of tarot outside of Italy, first to France and Switzerland, occurred during the Italian Wars. The most prominent tarot deck version used in these two countries was the Tarot of Marseilles, of Milanese origin. While the set of trumps was generally consistent, their o...
The word "tarot" and German Tarock derive from the Italian Tarocchi, the origin of which is uncertain, although taroch was used as a synonym for foolishness in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The decks were known exclusively as Trionfi during the fifteenth century. The new name first appeared in Brescia around 1502 as Tarocho. During the 16...
The original purpose of tarot cards was to play games. A very cursory explanation of rules for a tarot-like deck is given in a manuscript by Martiano da Tortona before 1425. Vague descriptions of game play or game terminology follow for the next two centuries until the earliest known complete description of rules for a French variant in 1637. The g...
In English-speaking countries where these games are not widely played, only specially designed cartomantic tarot cards, used primarily for novelty and divination, are readily available. The early French occultists claimed that tarot cards had esoteric links to ancient Egypt, Kabbalah, the Indic Tantra, or I Ching, claims that have been frequently r...
Works cited
1. Crowley, Aleister (1969) [1944]. The Book of Thoth: A Short Essay on the Tarot of the Egyptians. Illustrated by Lady Frieda Harris (reprint ed.). New York: Samuel Weiser. 2. Daynes, Daniel (2000). Le Tarot, ses règles et toutes ses variantes. Bornemann. ISBN 978-2-85182-622-0. 3. Decker, Ronald; Depaulis, Thierry; Dummett, Micheal (1996). A Wicked Pack of Cards. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-2713-9. 4. Dummett, Michael (1980). The Game of Tarot. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-1014-7. 5. K...
