搜尋結果
Porsche 919 Evo - Overall record holder on the modern 20,832 m (12.944 mi) full layout with a time of 5:19.546 minutes Volkswagen I.D. R - Overall electric record holder on the modern 20,832 m (12.944 mi) full layout with a time of 6:05.336 minutes Porsche 956 - Former overall record holder with a time of 6:11.13 minutes set during a qualifying session in 1983
The same viaduct completed in February 2021. California High-Speed Rail ( CAHSR) is a publicly funded high-speed rail system being developed in California by the California High-Speed Rail Authority. Phase 1, about 494 miles (795 km) long, is planned to run from San Francisco to Los Angeles and Anaheim via the Central Valley, and is partially ...
- Origins
- Key Individuals
- Authorization and Funding
- Transcontinental Route
- Construction
- Aftermath
- In Popular Culture
- See Also
- Further Reading
- External Links
Among the early proponents of building a railroad line that would connect the coasts of the United States was Dr. Hartwell Carver, who in 1847 submitted to the U.S. Congress a "Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean", seeking a congressional charter to support his idea.[N 6]
Asa Whitney
One of the most prominent champions of the central route railroad was Asa Whitney. He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California, paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route. Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians, printed maps and pamphlets, and submitted several proposals to Congress, all at his own expense. In June 1845, he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility. Legislation to...
Theodore Judah
Theodore Judahwas a fervent supporter of the central route railroad. He lobbied vigorously in favor of the project and undertook the survey of the route through the rugged Sierra Nevada, one of the chief obstacles of the project. In 1852, Judah was chief engineer for the newly formed Sacramento Valley Railroad, the first railroad built west of the Mississippi River. Although the railroad later went bankrupt once the easy placer gold deposits around Placerville, California, were depleted, Juda...
The Big Four
Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad: Leland Stanford, (1824–1893), President; Collis Potter Huntington, (1821–1900), Vice President; Mark Hopkins, (1813–1878), Treasurer; Charles Crocker, (1822–1888), Construction Supervisor. All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad. Judah, Marsh, Strong, Stanford, Huntington, Hopkins and Crocker, along with James Bailey and Lucius Anson Booth, became the first board of directors of the Cen...
In February 1860, Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad. It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version because of opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel.[clarification needed] Curtis tried and failed again in 1861. After the souther...
Construction begun
The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8, 1863. Because of insufficient transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast, virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails, railroad switches, railroad turntables, freight and passenger cars, and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports. They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America's Cape Horn, or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama, where...
Rail standards
At that time in the United States, there were two primary standards for track gauge, as defined by the distance between the two rails. In Britain, the gauge was 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge, and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways. But much of the south had adopted a 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge. Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out the trucks. Alternatively, cargo was offloaded and reloaded, a time-consuming effort that delayed ca...
Time zones and telegraph usage
Time was not standardized across the United States and Canada until November 18, 1883.[citation needed] In 1865, each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors.[citation needed] To communicate easily up and down the line, the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the tracks. These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route...
Most of the capital investment needed to build the railroad was generated by selling government-guaranteed bonds (granted per mile of completed track) to interested investors. The Federal donation of right-of-way saved money and time as it did not have to be purchased from others. The financial incentives and bonds would hopefully cover most of the...
Railroad developments
When the last spike was driven, the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento. To get from Sacramento to the Pacific, the Central Pacific purchased in 1867 the struggling Western Pacific Railroad (unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route) and in February 1868 resumed construction on it, which had halted in October 1866 because of funding troubles. On September 6, 1869, the first transcontinental...
Crédit Mobilier
Despite the transcontinental success and millions in government subsidies, the Union Pacific faced bankruptcy less than three years after the Last Spike as details surfaced about overcharges that Crédit Mobilier had billed Union Pacific for the formal building of the railroad. The scandal hit epic proportions in the 1872 United States presidential election, which saw the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant and became the biggest scandal of the Gilded Age. It would not be resolved until the death...
Visible remains
Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located—hundreds of miles are still in service today, especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming. While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear, and the roadbed upgraded and repaired, the lines generally run on top of the original, handmade grade. Vista points on Interstate 80 through California's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central...
The joining of the Union Pacific line with the Central Pacific line in May 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah, was one of the major inspirations for French writer Jules Verne's book entitled Around the World in Eighty Days, published in 1873. While not exactly accurate, John Ford's 1924 silent movie The Iron Horsecaptures the fervent nationalism that ...
Allen, James B.; Glen M. Leonard (1976). The Story of the Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company.Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000). Nothing Like It In The World; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863–1869. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84609-8.Bain, David Haward (1999). Empire Express; Building the first Transcontinental Railroad. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-670-80889-X.Beebe, Lucius (1969). The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads: Centennial Edition. Howell-North. ISBN 0-8310-7034-X.For maps and railroad pictures of this era shortly after the advent of photographysee: 1. Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum 2. CPRR Railroad Map collection/museum 3. 1871 CPRR & UPRR Overland Railroad Map"Map of the Central Pacific Railroad and its Connections" published in the California Mail Bag San Francisco News Letter and Ca...
The sum of squares of residuals, also called the residual sum of squares: The total sum of squares (proportional to the variance of the data): The most general definition of the coefficient of determination is. In the best case, the modeled values exactly match the observed values, which results in and R2 = 1.
Jann Mardenborough (born 9 September 1991) is a British professional racing driver. In 2011 he became the third and youngest winner of the GT Academy competition, beating 90,000 entrants to earn a professional racing contract with Nissan.[2] He had no previous motorsport experience, having played sim racing video games instead. During his ...
Titanic is a 1997 American epic romantic disaster film directed, written, produced, and co-edited by James Cameron.Incorporating both historical and fictionalized aspects, it is based on accounts of the sinking of RMS Titanic in 1912.Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet star as members of different social classes who fall in love during the ship's maiden voyage.
Ed Macauley held the record for 39 days in 1958, the shortest in NBA history. Dolph Schayes held the record from 1958 to 1964 and was the first player to eclipse 15,000 career points. Bob Pettit held the record from 1964 to 1966 and is the first player to eclipse 20,000 career points. Wilt Chamberlain held the record from 1966 to 1984 and was ...
