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Paracetamol (acetaminophen[a]) is a non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic agent used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain.[13][14][15] It is a widely used over the counter medication. Common brand names include Tylenol and Panadol. At a standard dose, paracetamol only slightly reduces fever;[14][16][17] it is inferior to ibuprofen in that ...
Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug. After its discovery in 1975, its first uses were in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat heartworm and acariasis. Approved for human use in 1987, it is used to treat infestations including head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis and lymphatic filariasis.
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract. [3] Symptoms often include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, abdominal distension, and weight loss. [1] [3] Complications outside of the gastrointestinal tract may include anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of the ...
- Medical Uses
- Adverse Effects
- Contraindications
- Mechanism of Action
- Structure and Pharmacology
- History
- Society and Culture
- Research
- External Links
Semaglutide is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type2 diabetes. The higher-dose formulation of semaglutide is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise for long-term weight management in adults with obesity (initial body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2) or who are overweight (initial BMI ≥ 27 kg...
Possible side effects include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, indigestion/heartburn, dizziness, abdominal distension, belching, hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) in people with type2 diabetes, flatulence, gastroenteritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It can also cause pancreatitis, gastropa...
Data from rodent studies of GLP-1-mediated thyroid C-cell hyperplasia indicates that use is contraindicated in people with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.
Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. The drug decreases blood sugar levels. The decrease is theorized to be caused by the mimicking of the incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). It also appears to enhance growth of pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for insulin production and release. Additionally, it inhibits the...
Semaglutide is chemically similar to human GLP-1. The first six amino acids of GLP-1 are missing. Substitutions are made at GLP positions 8 and 34 (semaglutide positions 2 and 28), where alanine and lysine are replaced by 2-aminoisobutyric acid and arginine, respectively. The substitution of the alanine prevents chemical breakdown by dipeptidyl pep...
In the 1970s, Jens Juul Holst and Joel Habener began research on the GLP-1 hormone, initially in relation to duodenal ulcer disease. They were examining hormones secreted during eating, and testing them on pig pancreases, leading to the discovery of GLP-1's significant potency in 1988. Their work, which later contributed significantly to diabetes a...
Legal status
In December 2016, the US FDA New Drug Application(NDA) was filed, and in October 2017, the FDA Advisory Committee approved it unanimously. In December 2017, the injectable version with the brand name Ozempic was approved for use by people with diabetes in the United States,and, in January 2018, in Canada. In February 2018, authorization was granted in the European Union, in March 2018 in Japan,and in August 2019 in Australia. In September 2019, a version that can be taken orally (Rybelsus) wa...
Generics
Semaglutide is expected to become patent-free in the United States no earlier than December 2031. The patent was scheduled to expire in 2026, but a Chinese court ruled in 2022 that all patents on semaglutide were invalid. Novo Nordiskappealed the ruling. In Brazil, the Supreme Court refused to extend semaglutide's patent protection, which expires in 2026.
Economics
"Ozempic, the semaglutide injection used for T2D treatment, has a list price of $936 in the United States and $169 in Japan. Prices were $147 in Canada, $144 in Switzerland, $103 in Germany and Netherlands, $96 in Sweden, $93 in the United Kingdom, and $87 in Australia. France had the lowest price at $83." (21 August 2023; figures refer to a one-month supply) In the US, Wegovy has a list price of $1,349.02 per month as of 2022 suggesting that because of the high costs many people "who could m...
A 2014 meta-analysis found that semaglutide may be effective in lowering liver enzymes (transaminitis) and improving certain radiologically observed features of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease.French national health care insurance system database had previously suggested 1–3 years use of glucagon like peptide-1 receptor ago...
Clinical trial number NCT03574597 for "Semaglutide Effects on Heart Disease and Stroke in Patients With Overweight or Obesity (SELECT)" at ClinicalTrials.govMisoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin medication used to prevent and treat stomach and duodenal ulcers, induce labor, cause an abortion, and treat postpartum bleeding due to poor contraction of the uterus. [10] [11] It is taken by mouth when used to prevent gastric ulcers in people taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). [11] .
In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. [3] A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. [1]
Diazepam, sold under the brand name Valium among others, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic.[14] It is used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome.[14] It may also be used to cause memory loss during certain ...
