搜尋結果
ANDROCENTRISM. ANDROCENTRISM refers to cultural perspectives where the male is generically taken to be the norm of humanness. Androcentrism originates from a male monopoly on cultural leadership and the shaping and transmission of culture. In religion this means that males monopolize priestly and teaching roles of religion and exclude women ...
- Prehistoric Times
- Humans Domesticate Animals
- Ancient Cultures and Religions
- Medieval Period
- Age of Enlightenment and The Use of Vivisection
- Blood Sports
- Move to America
- European Philosophers Argue Against Cruelty to Animals
- British Law Takes Hold
- U.S. Law
Evolutionary science holds that humans are animals that have changed and adapted over hundreds of thousands of years to take on their current form. Biologists classify the human animal as a member of the order Primate, along with chimpanzees and gorillas. Some scientists believe that humans and other primates shared a common ancestor millions of ye...
Between 13,000 and 2,500 BC humans domesticated dogs, cats, cattle, goats, horses, and sheep from their wild counterparts. Although the terms taming and domesticationare often used interchangeably, they are not the same. Individual wild animals can be tamed to behave in a docile manner around humans. By contrast, domestication is a process that tak...
The peoples of most ancient civilizations were polytheistic (meaning that they believed in more than one god). Many ancient peoples worshipped animals as gods, used animals to represent their gods, or thought that their gods could assume animal form when they wished. At various times, ancient Egyptians held different animals as sacred and as repres...
In general, Europe's medieval period, also called the Middle Ages, is considered the era from the fall of the Roman Empire in the late fifth century through the sixteenth century. The early centuries of the period are called the Dark Ages, because few known scientific and cultural achievements were made by Western societies during this time. Once t...
The centuries immediately following the Middle Ages are called the Age of Enlightenmentbecause waves of intellectual and scientific advancement swept across Europe. Many superstitions and customs disappeared as societies became more urban and less rural. Church authorities began to lose much of their power over people's lives. Medical researchers g...
As the Middle Ages drew to a close, sports in which animals were pitted against each other became popular in England. These "blood sports" included bull- and bear-baiting with dogs, cockfighting, and dog fighting. Baiting began as more of a practical matter than a sport. Medieval people believed that an animal that was whipped immediately before sl...
During the seventeenth century many Puritans fled England for the New World—North America. The Puritans brought their unique perspective on animals with them. In 1641 the Massachusetts Bay Colony enacted a Body of Liberties that set out the fundamental rights of the colonists. Included in these rights was Article 92, which stated, "No man shall exe...
Meanwhile, in Europe new social and philosophical movements were to have far-reaching effects on the welfare of animals. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries several notable philosophers and writers spoke out against the mistreatment of animals. John Locke of England wrote that children should be taught from an early age that torturing a...
Modern legal protections for animals date back to nineteenth-century England. In 1822 Richard Martin, a member of the Parliament, sponsored a bill prohibiting cruelty to cattle, horses, and sheep. It became the first anticruelty law of its kind. "Humanity Martin," as he came to be called, soon learned that having a law in effect and getting it enfo...
Early U.S. law was patterned after British common law, which viewed animals as pieces of property. However, the reform movements that swept England during the nineteenth century also reached the United States. The Animal Legal and Historical Center (2007, http://www.animallaw.info/historical/statutes/sthusny1829.htm) notes that in 1828 the state of...
The “Out of Africa” hypothesis is an evolutionary theory of modern human origin that posits that modern humans arose in the late Pleistocene, about 100,000–200,000 years ago, in Africa. There are different versions of “Out of Africa,” but its major tenet is that modern humans originated as a discrete population or species that rapidly ...
I. HISTORY OF INFORMED CONSENT Informed consent is not an ancient concept with a rich medical tradition. The term informed consent first appeared in 1957, and serious discussion of the concept began only around 1972. As the idea of informed consent evolved, discussion of appropriate guidelines moved increasingly from a narrow focus on the physician's or researcher's obligation to disclose ...
Thermal death. Thermal death is the death of a population of microorganisms due to exposure to an elevated temperature. The nature of the thermal death varies depending on the source of the heat. The heat of an open flame incinerates the microorganisms. The dry heat of an oven causes the complete removal of water, which is lethal for biological ...
MIASMA THEORY Miasmas are poisonous emanations, from putrefying carcasses, rotting vegetation or molds, and invisible dust particles inside dwellings. They were once believed to enter the body and cause disease. This belief dates at least from classical Greece in the fourth or fifth century b.c.e., and it persisted, alongside other theories and models for disease causation, until the middle of ...
2018年5月29日 · Identification. Carpatho-Rusyns are a national minority who have never enjoyed independent statehood. Today most live within the boundaries of three countries: Ukraine, Slovakia, and Poland. Location. The Carpatho-Rusyn homeland is located along the crests, valleys, and adjacent lowlands of the north-central Carpathian Mountains.
