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In the 1950s, women were supposed to marry and remain at home where they cooked the meals, cleaned the house, and raised the children while their husbands worked. This was a typical and traditional social pattern even before the 1950s. During World War II, however, the role of women in society had changed somewhat.
The 1950s Lifestyles and Social Trends: OverviewThe 1950s was an era of great upheaval in the United States. By the millions, Americans who had just survived two decades of economic depression and war left the cities for the greenery and open spaces of the suburbs. Suburban towns sprang up like crabgrass across the country.
Gigante, Vincent (“The Chin”) ( b. 29 March 1928 in New York City; d. 19 December 2005 in Springfield, Missouri), alleged organized crime boss who long avoided prosecution by virtue of his demonstrable mental instability. As the third of five sons born to Salvatore and Yolanda Gigante, who were immigrants from Naples, Italy, Gigante grew up ...
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A tradition of learning
The primacy of education in Judaism has helped preserve Jewish culture throughout a history of heinous catastrophes. The Jewish scriptures are comprised of the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, and the rabbinic codes based on the Talmud, which consists of the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah is the “oral law” said to have been communicated to Moses when he received the ten commandments on Mt. Sinai; the Gemara includes rabbinic interpretations and opinions of the oral law. Traditional education ce...
Hasidim and Mitnagdim
Not all religious Jews became preoccupied with the study of religious law. As far back as the 1200s there arose a movement of Jews who concentrated more on the mystical aspects of the religion than on the study of Jewish law. The mystics concerned themselves with attaining an immediate connection with God. Their movement, called Cabala, ultimately faded, but influenced a movement that surfaced in the 1700s among the Jews of Eastern Europe. Founded by Israel Ben Eliezer, or the Baal Shem Tov(w...
Jewish women
Traditional Jewish men recited a blessing thanking God, “who did not make me a woman” (Baker, p. 35). A contemporary prayer book adds a footnote alleging: While apologists insisted that women’s roles are different but equal, others have held that women in the nineteenth and earlier centuries were excluded from the two realms most esteemed by the Jewish community: prayer in the synagogue and the study of religious law. In traditional synagogues women sat separated from men, usually in an upper...
The plot
After her father’s death, a young Jewish girl, Yentl, is compelled to leave her small hometown of Yanev. Rather than rent out her father’s house or accept one of many marriage offers, she sells her home and flees Yanev disguised as a man. As a child Yentl had enjoyed the affection of her father, who during his many bedridden years had studied Torah with her. Proud of his daughter’s keen intelligence, he lamented “Yentl, you have the soul of a man” (Singer, “Yentl, the Yeshiva Boy,” p. 8). Som...
THE VIRGIN BRIDE
Widespread in Jewish communities was the custom of examining the bride’s linen after the first night of marriage to find the spot of blood that would prove her virginity. Her mother would often preserve the sheet in case she needed it to uphold the family’s honor with proof in some later dispute. Yentl disappears from Bechev and Hadass falls ill of consternation and grief. The town gossips invent a variety of explanations for Yentl’s disappearance. They are surprised that even Avigdor, Yentl’...
Yentl’s liberation
When Yentl’s father laments “Yentl, you have the soul of a man” (“Yentl, the Yeshiva Boy”, p. 8), he confirms her suspicion that “she had not been created for the noodle board and the pudding dish, for chattering with silly women and pushing for a place at the butcher’s block” (“Yentl, the Yeshiva Boy,” p. 8). With Avigdor she enters the world of men, studying Torah and tasting cigarettes and strong liquor. Yet when Avigdor comments “they’re trying to talk me into another match, but the girl...
Yentl and feminism
Singer fled Poland for New York in 1935, where he supervised the translation of his stories from Yiddish into English. A reemergent feminist movement in America was gaining ground when “Yentl, the Yeshiva Boy” was published. It would formally begin in 1963 with the publication of Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique, which revealed the emotional misery suffered by women who were unfulfilled by their roles as homemakers. Because Singer’s short story articulates some of the frustrations w...
Modern Judaism
After World War IIand the Holocaust, in which 6 million Jews were exterminated by the Germans, Jewish women suffered enormous pressure to bear children. The fear that the Jewish population was dying out plagued Holocaust survivors, who urged their daughters to marry and begin families. Women did gain new rights during this period. In the Jewish state of Israel created after the war, the Women’s Equal Rights Law of 1951 made women’s legal status equal to men’s, guaranteeing their rights to own...
Reception
“Yentl, the Yeshiva Boy” won acclaim from critics, with one commentator describing it as a tale that “deals with problems confronting Jewish women in the late nineteenth-century Polish shtetlach, problems that have not been re-solved” (Cohen, p. 208). The story’s popularity encouraged Singer to make it into a play. One critic of the play praised the “resemblances to traditional Yiddish theater … ingenious female disguise … compelling full length rituals performed in the original Hebrew and qu...
Baker, Adrienne. The Jewish Woman in Contemporary Society. New York: New York University Press, 1993. Cantor, Aviva. Jewish Women/Jewish Men. San Francisco: Harper, 1995. Cohen, Sarah Blacher. From Hester Street to Hollywood: The Jewish-American Stage and Screen.Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983. Farrell, Grace. Isaac Bashevis Singer: Con...
2018年6月11日 · Ernest Miller Hemingway. Ernest Miller Hemingway (1898-1961), American Nobel Prize -winning author, was one of the most celebrated and influential literary stylists of the 20th century. Ernest Hemingway was a legend in his own life-time— in a sense, a legend of his own making.
A significant number of these scientists owe their origins to Presidency College, Kolkata (Calcutta), which was founded by Hindu reformer Ram Mohan Roy in 1817. Among these are Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose (1858–1937), Satyendra Nath Bose (1894–1974), Sir P. C. Ray (1861–1944), Meghnad Saha (1893–1956), and P. C. Mahalanobis (1893–1972).
Florence Chadwick was born on November 9, 1918, in San Diego, California, where her father was a detective and narcotics agent. Her uncle, who taught her to swim when she was a child, also sparked her competitive spirit. "He entered me in a race, which I lost," she once recalled. "I was six years old, but I decided to work harder and prove ...
