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Diazepam - Wikipedia. Diazepam, sold under the brand name Valium among others, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic. [14] . It is used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome. [14] .
Bupropion, formerly called amfebutamone, [16] and sold under the brand name Wellbutrin among others, is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and to support smoking cessation. [17][18] It is also popular as an add-on medication in the cases of "incomplete response" to the first-line selective serotonin reup...
An autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) [ 2 ][ 3 ][ 4 ] is a tingling sensation that usually begins on the scalp and moves down the back of the neck and upper spine. A pleasant form of paresthesia, [ 5 ] it has been compared with auditory-tactile synesthesia [ 6 ][ 7 ] and may overlap with frisson. [ 8 ]
- Medical Use
- Adverse Effects
- Overdose
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- Pharmacology
- Chemistry
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- Research
Clinical use of sodium oxybate was introduced in Europe in 1964 as an anesthetic given intravenously, but it was not widely used since it sometimes caused seizures. As of 2006, it was still authorized for this use in France and Italy but not widely used.: 15, 27–28 The major use of sodium oxybate is in treating two of the symptoms of narcolepsy – c...
The US label for sodium oxybate has a black box warning because it is a central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) and for its potential for abuse. Other potential adverse side effects include respiratory depression, seizures, coma, and death, especially when it is taken in combination with other CNS depressants such as alcohol. Cases of se...
Reports of overdose in medical literature are generally from abuse, and often involve other drugs as well. Symptoms include vomiting, excessive sweating, periods of stopped breathing, seizures, agitation, loss of psychomotor skills, and coma. Overdose can lead to death due to respiratory depression. People who overdose may die from asphyxiation res...
Sodium oxybate should not be used with other drugs that are CNS depressants like alcohol or sedatives. Use with divalproexresults in about a 25% increase in the availability of sodium oxybate.
Pharmacodynamics
The full mechanism of action of sodium oxybate is poorly understood. GHB is a normal metabolite of GABA that interacts with the GABAB receptor and the GHB receptor.
Pharmacokinetics
Sodium oxybate is rapidly absorbed with high bioavailability, however due to a very high rate of first-pass metabolism the effective bioavailability is only about 25%. Less than 1% is bound to plasma protein. The average time to peak plasma concentration ranges from 0.5 to 1.25 hours. It has a very short half-life of between 20 - 40 minutes. A high-fat meal may increase the half-life to 60 minutes.Because of its short half-life some patients take the drug twice nightly. Only a minor portion (...
Sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). Its systematic chemical name is sodium 4-hydroxybutanoate, though synonyms like sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate are commonly used. Its condensed structural formula is HOCH2CH2CH2CO2Na (molecular formula: C4H7NaO3) and its molar mass is 126.09 g mol−1. It is highly hydrophilic. Treating the ...
Alexander Zaytsev worked on this chemical family and published work on it in 1874.: 79 The first extended research into sodium oxybate and its use in humans was conducted in the early 1960s by Henri Laborit to study the neurotransmitter GABA.: 11–12 It was studied for a range of uses, including obstetric surgery, during childbirth, and as an anxiol...
Regulation
In the United States, GHB is a Schedule I controlled substance, while sodium oxybate, when used under an FDA NDA or IND application, is classified as a Schedule III controlled substance for medicinal use under the Controlled Substances Act, with illicit use subject to Schedule I penalties. In Canada and the European Union, as of 2009, it is classified as a Schedule III and a Schedule IVcontrolled substance, respectively.
Cost
In the US, the cost in Q3 2015 of Xyrem was $5,468.09 per 180 mL bottle at 500 mg/mL— a 10 to 15-day supply when prescribed at the typical 6–9g per day. As of 2017 the cost of sodium oxybate in the UK was £540.00 to £1,080.00 for a thirty-day supply,which at typical doses is £6,500 to £13,100 per year. Jazz Pharmaceuticals raised the price of Xyrem 841% earning a total of $569 million in 2013 and representing more than 50% of Jazz Pharmaceutical's revenues. In 2007 it cost $2.04; by 2014 it c...
Sodium oxybate is the common name for the chemical; it has no international nonproprietary name(INN). As of April 2018, sodium oxybate is sold under the following brands: Alcover (Italy), Gamma-OH (France), Natrii oxybutyras Kalceks (Latvia), Somsanit (Germany), Xyrem (many countries by Jazz Pharmaceuticals and UCB). In 2023, the first authorized g...
Jazz Pharmaceuticals has been developing JZP-386, a deuteratedanalog of sodium oxybate. The company presented Phase I results in 2015, stating that deuterium-related effects made it necessary to do further formulation work as part of the drug's development.
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4- d ihydr o xy p henethyl amine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. Dopamine constitutes about 80% of the catecholamine content in the brain.
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic used medically for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. It is also used as a treatment for depression and in pain management. [19] . Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist which accounts for most of its psychoactive effects. [20]
Modafinil, a eugeroic or wakefulness-promoting drug, is primarily used for treating narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks. [13]
