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129,000–226,000. On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in an armed conflict. Japan surrendered to the Allies on 15 August, six days ...
Chernobyl disaster - Wikipedia. Contents. hide. (Top) Background. Accident. Crisis management. Core meltdown risk mitigation. Immediate site and area remediation. Investigations and the evolution of identified causes. Fizzled nuclear explosion hypothesis. Release and spread of radioactive materials. Environmental impact. Human impact.
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Testing and deployment Nuclear weapons have only twice been used in warfare, both times by the United States against Japan at the end of World War II.On August 6, 1945, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) detonated a uranium gun-type fission bomb nicknamed "Little Boy" over the Japanese city of Hiroshima; three days later, on August 9, the USAAF detonated a plutonium implosion-type ...
The Fukushima nuclear accident was a major nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan which began on 11 March 2011. The proximate cause of the accident was the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which resulted in electrical grid failure and damaged nearly all of the power plant's backup energy sources.
- Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
- United States: Operation Plowshare
- Soviet Union: Nuclear Explosions For The National Economy
- Other Nations
- Civil Engineering and Energy Production
- Physics
- Asteroid Impact Avoidance
- See Also
- Books
- External Links
In the PNE Treaty, the signatories agreed: not to carry out any individual nuclear explosions having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons TNT equivalent; not to carry out any group explosion (consisting of a number of individual explosions) having an aggregate yield exceeding 1,500 kilotons; and not to carry out any group explosion having an aggregate yi...
Operation Plowshare was the name of the U.S. program for the development of techniques to use nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes. The name was coined in 1961, taken from Micah 4:3 ("And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: nation ...
The Soviet Union conducted a much more vigorous program of 239 nuclear tests, some with multiple devices, between 1965 and 1988 under the auspices of Program No. 6—Employment of Nuclear Explosive Technologies in the Interests of National Economy and Program No. 7—Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy. The initial program was patterned on the ...
Germany at one time considered manufacturing nuclear explosives for civil engineering purposes. In the early 1970s a feasibility study was conducted for a project to build a canal from the Mediterranean Sea to the Qattara Depression in the Western Desert of Egyptusing nuclear demolition. This project proposed to use 213 devices, with yields of 1 to...
Apart from their use as weapons, nuclear explosives have been tested and used, in a similar manner to chemical high explosives, for various non-military uses. These have included large-scale earth moving, isotope production and the stimulation and closing-off of the flow of natural gas. At the peak of the Atomic Age, the United States initiated Ope...
The discovery and synthesis of new chemical elements by nuclear transmutation, and their production in the necessary quantities to allow study of their properties, was carried out in nuclear explosive device testing. For example, the discovery of the short-lived einsteinium and fermium, both created under the intense neutron flux environment within...
A proposed means of averting an asteroid impacting with Earth, assuming short lead times between detection and Earth impact, is to detonate one, or a series, of nuclear explosive devices, on, in, or in a stand-off proximity orientation with the asteroid, with the latter method occurring far enough away from the incoming threat to prevent the potent...
Peaceful Nuclear Explosions, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission.The 104Kt Sedan PNE as part of Operation Plowshare (video), Sonic bomb, archived from the original on 2012-12-08.The Soviet Chagan PNE (video), Sonic bomb.The Soviet Taiga PNE (video), Sonic bomb.Underground nuclear testing is the test detonation of nuclear weapons that is performed underground. When the device being tested is buried at sufficient depth, the nuclear explosion may be contained, with no release of radioactive materials to the atmosphere.
High-altitude nuclear explosion. Hardtack Teak, 1958. Frame of the Starfish Prime nuclear test. High-altitude nuclear explosions are the result of nuclear weapons testing within the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere and in outer space.
