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Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and the atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements ...
Exceptionally, the golden ratio is equal to the limit of the ratios of successive terms in the Fibonacci sequence and sequence of Lucas numbers: [42] φ. In other words, if a Fibonacci and Lucas number is divided by its immediate predecessor in the sequence, the quotient approximates . For example, and.
Viète. de Moivre. Euler. Fourier. v. t. e. In trigonometry, trigonometric identities are equalities that involve trigonometric functions and are true for every value of the occurring variables for which both sides of the equality are defined. Geometrically, these are identities involving certain functions of one or more angles.
- Medical Uses
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- Contraindications
- Mechanism of Action
- Structure and Pharmacology
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Semaglutide is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type2 diabetes. The higher-dose formulation of semaglutide is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise for long-term weight management in adults with obesity (initial body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2) or who are overweight (initial BMI ≥ 27 kg...
Possible side effects include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, indigestion/heartburn, dizziness, abdominal distension, belching, hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) in people with type2 diabetes, flatulence, gastroenteritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It can also cause pancreatitis, gastropa...
Data from rodent studies of GLP-1-mediated thyroid C-cell hyperplasia indicates that use is contraindicated in people with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.
Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. The drug decreases blood sugar levels. The decrease is theorized to be caused by the mimicking of the incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). It also appears to enhance growth of pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for insulin production and release. Additionally, it inhibits the...
Semaglutide is chemically similar to human GLP-1. The first six amino acids of GLP-1 are missing. Substitutions are made at GLP positions 8 and 34 (semaglutide positions 2 and 28), where alanine and lysine are replaced by 2-aminoisobutyric acid and arginine, respectively. The substitution of the alanine prevents chemical breakdown by dipeptidyl pep...
In the 1970s, Jens Juul Holst and Joel Habener began research on the GLP-1 hormone, initially in relation to duodenal ulcer disease. They were examining hormones secreted during eating, and testing them on pig pancreases, leading to the discovery of GLP-1's significant potency in 1988. Their work, which later contributed significantly to diabetes a...
Legal status
In December 2016, the US FDA New Drug Application(NDA) was filed, and in October 2017, the FDA Advisory Committee approved it unanimously. In December 2017, the injectable version with the brand name Ozempic was approved for use by people with diabetes in the United States,and, in January 2018, in Canada. In February 2018, authorization was granted in the European Union, in March 2018 in Japan,and in August 2019 in Australia. In September 2019, a version that can be taken orally (Rybelsus) wa...
Generics
Semaglutide is expected to become patent-free in the United States no earlier than December 2031. The patent was scheduled to expire in 2026, but a Chinese court ruled in 2022 that all patents on semaglutide were invalid. Novo Nordiskappealed the ruling. In Brazil, the Supreme Court refused to extend semaglutide's patent protection, which expires in 2026.
Economics
"Ozempic, the semaglutide injection used for T2D treatment, has a list price of $936 in the United States and $169 in Japan. Prices were $147 in Canada, $144 in Switzerland, $103 in Germany and Netherlands, $96 in Sweden, $93 in the United Kingdom, and $87 in Australia. France had the lowest price at $83." (21 August 2023; figures refer to a one-month supply) In the US, Wegovy has a list price of $1,349.02 per month as of 2022 suggesting that because of the high costs many people "who could m...
A 2014 meta-analysis found that semaglutide may be effective in lowering liver enzymes (transaminitis) and improving certain radiologically observed features of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease.French national health care insurance system database had previously suggested 1–3 years use of glucagon like peptide-1 receptor ago...
Clinical trial number NCT03574597 for "Semaglutide Effects on Heart Disease and Stroke in Patients With Overweight or Obesity (SELECT)" at ClinicalTrials.govGolden Week holidays Name Date Showa Day (昭和の日, Showa no Hi), 2007–present 29 April Constitution Memorial Day (憲法記念日, Kenpō Kinenbi), 1949–present 3 May Greenery Day (みどりの日, Midori no Hi), 2007–present 4 May Children's Day (子供の日, Kodomo no Hi), also known as Boys' Day or the Feast of Banners, traditionally celebrated as Tango no Sekku (端午の節句).
Bitcoin (abbreviation: BTC; sign: ) is the first decentralized cryptocurrency. Nodes in the peer-to-peer bitcoin network verify transactions through cryptography and record them in a public distributed ledger, called a blockchain, without central oversight. Consensus between nodes is achieved using a computationally intensive process based on proof of work, called mining, that guarantees the ...
Grand Theft Auto V is a 2013 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It is the seventh main entry in the Grand Theft Auto series, following 2008's Grand Theft Auto IV, and the fifteenth instalment overall. Set within the fictional state of San Andreas, based on Southern California, the single-player ...
