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Using Lorem ipsum to focus attention on graphic elements in a webpage design proposal One of the earliest examples of the Lorem ipsum placeholder text on 1960s advertising In publishing and graphic design, Lorem ipsum (/ ˌ l ɔː. r ə m ˈ ɪ p. s ə m /) is a placeholder text commonly used to demonstrate the visual form of a document or a typeface without relying on meaningful content.
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The Pudu River ( Chinese: 普渡河; pinyin: Pǔdù Hé) is a major river in Yunnan Province in southwest China . The source of Pudu River is located in Songming County; the headwater stream is called Muyang River ( Chinese: 牧羊河; pinyin: Mùyáng Hé ). The river runs southwards through Kunming and then it is called the Panlong River; it ...
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The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English. In Chinese histories, the term "Long Wall(s)" (t 長城, s 长城, Chángchéng) appears in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, where it referred both to the separate great walls built between and north of th...
Early walls
The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC. During this time and the subsequent Warring States period, the states of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Han, Yan, and Zhongshanall constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly of stone or by stamping earth and gravel between board fra...
Ming era
The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century, and following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongol tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, th...
Foreign accounts
None of the Europeans who visited China or Mongolia in the 13th and 14th centuries, such as Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, William of Rubruck, Marco Polo, Odoric of Pordenone and Giovanni de' Marignolli, mentioned the Great Wall. The North African traveler Ibn Battuta, who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty c.1346, had heard about China's Great Wall, possibly before he had arrived in China. He wrote that the wall is "sixty days' travel" from Zeitun (modern Quanzhou) in his travelogue G...
A formal definition of what constitutes a "Great Wall" has not been agreed upon, making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety.The defensive lines contain multiple stretches of ramparts, trenches and ditches, as well as individual fortresses. In 2012, based on existing research and the results of a comprehensive map...
Before the use of bricks, the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed earth, stones, and wood. During the Ming, however, bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall, as were materials such as tiles, lime, and stone. The size and weight of the bricks made them easier to work with than earth and stone, so construction quickened. Additionally, ...
While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many other locations the wall is in disrepair. The wall sometimes provided a source of stones to build houses and roads. Sections of the wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism, while inscribed bricks were pilfered and sold on the m...
Various factoidsin popular culture claim that the Great Wall can be seen (with the naked eye) from space, with questionable degrees of veracity.
The Great Wall at BadalingThe Great Wall at dawnThe Juyongguan area of the Great Wall accepts numerous tourists each day.Remains of Beacon tower, near Yumenguan, 2011International Friends of the Great Wall Archived February 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine– organization focused on conservationGreat Wall of China on In Our Time at the BBCCloward–Piven strategy. The Cloward–Piven strategy is a political strategy outlined in 1966 by American sociologists and political activists Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven. The strategy aims to utilize "militant anti poverty groups" to facilitate a "political crisis" by overloading the welfare system via an increase in welfare claims ...
The Hebrew alphabet ( Hebrew: אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי, [a] Alefbet ivri ), known variously by scholars as the Ktav Ashuri, Jewish script, square script and block script, is traditionally an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language and other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian.
Japanese (日本語, Nihongo, [ɲihoŋɡo] ⓘ) is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people. It has around 120 million speakers, primarily in Japan, the only country where it is the national language, and within the Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes the Ryukyuan languages ...
