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For a gift to be given, it has to be accepted. Here then is where social relations come into play. Viewed only in terms of the giver's indvidual performance, agonistic giving would be an act by which the giver can increase his or her stature just by giving. Have Bill
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Garrett Hardin, in a classic and often quoted essay, had argued that the Commons inevitably leads to the abuse of common resources. The author himself "has criticized misinterpretations of his work with the lament that "The title of my 1968 paper should have been The Tragedy of the Unmanaged Commons.(cited here ) Please also read this Refutation of...
"The tragedy of the commons is a type of social trap that involves a conflict over resources between individual interests and the common good. The term derives originally from a parable published by William Forster Lloyd in his 1833 book on population. It was then popularized and extended by Garrett Hardin in his 1968 Science essay "The Tragedy of ...
Maebh O’Gorman: "The ‘tragedy of the commons’ refers to the situation when individuals, acting rationally intheir own self‐interest, nonetheless act irrationally as a collective group by irreparablydepleting a resource that is owned in common. The current climate change crisis is anexample of ‘the tragedy’ on a global scale. In the same way that a ...
1. "Hardin explains his “Tragedy of the Commons in the following way. “Picture a pasture open to all. It is to be expected that each herdsman will try to keep as many cattle as possible on the commons. “As a rational being, each herdsman seeks to maximize his gain. The rational herdsman concludes that the only sensible course for him to pursue is t...
See also the in-depth discussion in The Tragedy of the “Tragedy of the Commons”. By Achim Lerch.(was at www.boell.org/downloads/Lerch_Tragedy.pdf - gone away 2017)
The mainstream 'Leviathan' approach proposed by Ophuls
Maebh O'Gorman: "The mainstream approach to tackling ‘tragedy of the commons’ issues relies upon controland coercion by a centralised institution. This Leviathan model is favoured by scholars, suchas Ophuls, who believe that the participants are incapable of solving the problemthemselves. This however is disputed by Ostrom who argues that that approach assumesaccuracy of information while ignoring the costs of its administration.8 Ostrom’s polycentricapproach advocates enabling the users of t...
Ugo Mattei: "Tragedy of the Commons: Two World Views in Conflict Competition v. Cooperation "As Adam Smith put it, “We are not ready to suspect any person of being defective in selfishness.” To put is quite simply, this is the central assumption underpinning Hardin’s analysis. Only the crude application of the model of homo oeconomicus , an individual maximizer of short-time utility, explains the results (and academic success) of the so-called “tragedy of the commons.” In fact, the well known...
Original article at https://science.sciencemag.org/content/162/3859/1243.fullEssay by Elinor Ostrom: Coping with Tragedies of the CommonsRefutation of the Tragedy of the Commons; The Non-Tragedy of the CommonsBitcoin is an open source peer-to-peer (a.k.a "p2p") electronic cash system that's completely decentralised, with no central server, trusted authorities or middle men. The availability of bitcoins can't be manipulated by governments or financial institutions.
In the P2P Energy Economy consumers identify, as part of each purchase of goods or services, the required attributes (for the given good or service) as well as their social, environmental and ecological values, which allows them to find producers (of the given good or service) who support their values.
