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From its inception, the Arduino was developed to engage artistic and design-oriented minds. Barragán, an artist and designer, created the Wiring microcontroller to be used as a tool for a parsing data to electronics. He intended it to be used by a “non-technical” audience: “artists, designers, and architects,” in short, not requiring ...
2013 was also the year of big and substantive urban revolts in Istanbul, Turkey and Sao Paolo, Brazil; like the 15M and Occupy movements they may leave in its wake revitalized activist and constructive networks (such as the movement against expulsion that came out of 15M in Spain and initiatives like the Rolling Jubilee which came out of Occupy).
- Warning
- Definition
- Etymology
- Description
- Characteristics
- Typologies
- Distinctions
- Discussion 1: The Unreality of The Tragedy of The Commons
- Discussion 2: The Commons and The Market
- Discussion 3: The Commons and The State
It should be noted that the 'Ostromian' definition that we use here, has been critiqued for the distinction that it puts between humans and the environment, seen as resources for human use, and that current definitions should be updated to reflect the interdependency of humanity as integral part of nature and other living beings, from which it is n...
1. Michel Bauwens: At the P2P Foundation, we settle around the following definition. A commons is 1. shared resources (i.e. there is something objective about it) 2. maintained or co-produced by a community or group of stakeholders (hence: a subjective activity and choice, 'there is no commons without commoning') and 3. it is managed according to t...
Alain Lipietz: (Editor’s note: All italicized words here are the original French.) "My first annoyance, is the insistence, in most of the articles, that the commons is a word of English or Anglo-Saxon origins altogether! It is not English, but French — and more precisely, Norman. That is doubly important. When the Normans of William the Conqueror c...
Michel Bauwens: "The commons consists of any common resource that is available to all (but this notion can be defined locally, or specifically as 'everybody in category x'), and as such there are many type of commons but basically two: physical resources or man-made. The commons is also a series of specific institutional formats used to manage such...
"Every commons has four characteristics: a resource; the people who share it (users, managers, producers and providers); the value created through its production or preservation; and the rules that govern it."(http://2020climatecampaign.org/content/sky-charter-and-global-commons-0)
See the overview Commons - Typologyby Stefan Meretz, and additional typologies by Yochai Benkler and others.
The Old vs. the New Commons
Discussion by Howard Rheingold at http://research.iftf.net/aboutnewcommons "The last several years have seen a proliferation of resources identified as commons (these include the Internet, health care, urban space, the atmosphere, etc.). To begin to track and interpret these innovations, we need a working definition of what can be considered a new commons. To date, the only work attempting to define new commons is Charlotte Hess' 2000 paper: Hess, Charlotte. 2000. "Is There Anything New Under...
On the Difference between Common Pool Resources and Common Property Regimes
George Caffentzis in a presentation on the Neo-Hardiniansscholars of the Commons: "Scholars in the neo-Hardinian tendency have carried on many important empirical studies of common property systems across the planet as well as have made a number of important distinctions in the study of common property. This is not the place to assess their empirical studies (cf. the extensive bibliography on Private and Common Property Rights in (Ostrom 2000: 352-379) and the Digital Library on the Commons m...
Difference between the Public Domain and the Commons
1. Vinay Gidwani, Amita Baviskar: "While the terms “public” and “commons” sometimes truck interchangeably, there are crucial differences between the two. “Public” is a juridical category, firmly in the ambit of state and law, which limns a contrast to that which is “private”. The commons, historically and etymologically, are that which lie at the frontiers, or within the interstices, of the territorial grid of law. They exist as a dynamic and collective resource – a variegated form of soci...
A Defense of the Commons
Well-written plea for the importance of the 'environmental' commons. "The environment isn't just about nature anymore. It has become a metaphor for a battle against market — and sometimes governmental — encroachment that extends to virtually every corner of our society. Everything is up for grabs. Everything is for sale. Politicians and the media are essentially oblivious, just as they were oblivious to the threats to the environment before Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring, about the dangers...
The Cornucopia of the Commons
THE CORNUCOPIA OF THE COMMONS, OR 'POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES' On the non-problem of freeloading in filesharing and P2P processes generally, Clay Shirky: The argument against freeloading as a problem is double: taking a file is non-problematic because it is infinitely replicable; using bandwidth is non-problematic because it is replenishable. 1. Downloading "Two key aspects of P2P file-sharing [are responsible for this]: the economics of digital resources, which are either replicable or replenish...
The Tragedy of the Commons
The tragedy of the commons is a phrase used to refer to a class of phenomena that involve a conflict for resources between individual interests and the common good. The often-quoted classic essay by Garrett Hardin, which argued that a commons inevitably leads to abuse, is at There is an extensive discussion in the Wikipedia: Tragedy of the commons
David Bollier
"‘The commons’ is a useful term for contemporary political discourse becauseit provides a new lexicon for re-situating market activity in a social andpolitical context. It helps us identify resources that should not be alienated formarket use, but should remain non-propertised and ‘owned’ (in a civic ordemocratic sense) by everyone. Our culture has no serious vocabulary forcontextualising ‘the free market’ in a social framework; it assumes that it is auniversal, a historical force of nature....
Alain Lipietz
"We have just seen that the rules of access, and the share of benefits and burdens that come with managing a common resource, may represent a “stack” of various community interests. The conflicts that may arise in allocating the respective benefits and burdens, will likely become more and more important in the 21st century. One way to describe this division of responsibilities is as revenue sharing, a way of articulating the management of the commons as a set of monetary relationships, and th...
Brett Frischmann
1. When to choose the Commons option, as compared to markets? Brett Frischmann, a professor at Loyola University Chicago School of Law has published an essay, "An Economic Theory of Infrastructure and Commons Management," (89 Minnesota Law Review 4, April 2005). “a rigorous, clear-headed explanation of the economic and social benefits of commons-based infrastructures: “The basic problem with relying on markets to allocate access to common assets, Frischmann explains, is that the market mechan...
1. Alain Lipietz: "A second difficulty with this book is that it implicitly opposes or seeks to isolate the commons from the state and the market. That, unfortunately, is impossible in the complex whole that is any society. As we have just seen it, the common lands of the Middle Ages, managed as commons, were subordinated to an external political p...
Working Paper: Money and the Commons: An Investigation of Complementary Currencies and their Ethical Implications.By Camille Meyer and Marek Hudon No 18-019, Working ...
2021年10月18日 · Discussion Tim Winton (from the transcript of the video below): "Tim shares a historical perspective based on the thinking of Arnold Toynbee, whom he characterizes as a big picture, systemic historian who looks for patterns throughout history. Toynbee, in his major ...
2019年1月10日 · 1. " [A]n open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to- use hardware and software. It’s intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments . . . It’s an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board, and a development ...
The OHL's requirements are aimed at encouraging the community to develop, use, and improve open source hardware -- and to prevent others from turning that hardware into closed, proprietary products. The OHL does not address software, nor does it address firmware or code loaded into programmable devices such as FPGAs.
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