搜尋結果
Therefore, civilization is segregated into unity and disunity according to different evolutionary patterns. China is a unity civilization with a long history (Loewe & Shaughnessy, 1999). As shown in Table 1, although there were some chaotic periods (1252 years), the unity (about 2293 years) is still mainstream.
The program takes its name and inspiration from the Antikythera mechanism, dated to 200 BC and discovered in 1901 in a shipwreck off the Greek island. This “first” primordial computer was not simply a calculator; it was an astronomical machine, mapping and predicting the movements of stars and planets, marking annual events, and organizing ...
It is commonly understood that Dark Ages are times when human evolutionary transformations have been stymied, and indicators of growth reflect reversals. Dark Ages are also periods of environmental stress, and given reduced human activities, phases of ecological restoration as well.
Description. Chris Dew : "Aggregate energy efficiency is the “ratio of useful to potential physical work that can be extracted from materials.”. - “During the period from 1900 to 1980 in the United States, aggregate energy efficiency…steadily rose along with the development of the nation’s infrastructure, from 2.48 percent to 12.3 ...
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1. Blair Fix: "Speaking of Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler, their work will be an important part of this blog. One hot summer with no air conditioning, I read their seminal book Capital as Power. I’m not exaggerating when I say that this book changed my life. It made me realize that most concepts in mainstream economics are built on a foundati...
Orsan Senalp: "Jonathan Nitzan, Shimshon Bichler's concept of 'Capital as Power' (A Study of Order and Creorder) is in accordance with Alexander Bogdanov's ideas which allows an alaternative conception of 'social class' which is determined by insetead of the position of its memebers with regard to the forces of production (ownership or non-ownershi...
A new definition of capital
By Shimshon Bichler and Jonathan Nitzan: "We start with capital. Contemporary students of capitalism, hamstrung by nineteenth-century biases, continue to think of accumulation in the ‘material’ terms of labor, production and consumption. In our opinion, this emphasis has become insufficient and misleading. Over the past century, capital has grown increasingly politicized in nature and financial in form. ‘Free competition’ and the formal separation of ‘state’ and ‘capital’ — where they existed...
The new characteristics of capital accumulation
By Shimshon Bichler and Jonathan Nitzan: We need "an alternative conceptualization of capital, understood not as a material entity but as a power institution. What gets accumulated, we argue, is neither ‘utility’ nor ‘dead labor,’ but financial claims on expected future earnings. These expected earnings, in turn,represent neither the ‘marginal productivity’ of capital nor ‘surplus value,’ butthe way capitalists view the future structure of power in society. A power understanding of accumulati...
Dominant Capital and the New Wars. By Shimshon Bichler and Jonathan Nitzan. Journal of World-Systems Research, 10(2), 255-327, 2004. doi
Put simply, the water commons means that water is no one’s property; it rightfully belongs to all of humanity and to the earth itself. It is our duty to protect the quality and availability of water for everyone around the planet. This ethic should be the foundation of all decisions made about use of this life-giving resource.
DA1 A dark age is an extended period of significantly reduced integration, organisation and cohesion. DA2 Dark ages leave few records and are periods of obscurity in historical retrospect.
