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DisplayPort connector. A DisplayPort port (top right) near an Ethernet port and a USB port. DisplayPort ( DP) is a proprietary [a] digital display interface developed by a consortium of PC and chip manufacturers and standardized by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). It is primarily used to connect a video source to a display ...
Front-engine, four-wheel-drive. The Toyota Land Cruiser ( Japanese: トヨタ・ランドクルーザー, Hepburn: Toyota Rando-Kurūzā) (also sometimes spelled as LandCruiser) [1] is a series of four-wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota. It is Toyota's longest running series of models. [2]
- History and Background
- Provisions
- Constitutionality
- Criticism
- Amendments
- See Also
- Further Reading
- External Links
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was introduced on May 18, 1977, by Senator Ted Kennedy and was signed into law by President Carter on 25 October 1978. The bill was cosponsored by nine Senators: Birch Bayh, James O. Eastland, Jake Garn, Walter Huddleston, Daniel Inouye, Charles Mathias, John L. McClellan, Gaylord Nelson, and Strom T...
The subchapters of FISA provide for: 1. Electronic surveillance (50 U.S.C. ch. 36, subch. I) 2. Physical searches (50 U.S.C. ch. 36, subch. II) 3. Pen registers and trap & trace devices for foreign intelligence purposes (50 U.S.C. ch. 36, subch. III) 4. Access to certain business records for foreign intelligence purposes (50 U.S.C. ch. 36, subch. I...
Before FISA
In 1967, the Supreme Court of the United States held that the requirements of the Fourth Amendment applied equally to electronic surveillance and to physical searches. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967). The Court did not address whether such requirements apply to issues of national security. Shortly after, in 1972, the Court took up the issue again in United States v. United States District Court, Plamondon, 407 U.S. 297 (1972), where the court held that court approval was required i...
Post-FISA
There have been very few cases involving the constitutionality of FISA. Two lower court decisions found FISA constitutional. In United States v. Duggan, 743 F.2d 59 (2d Cir. 1984), the defendants were members of the Irish Republican Army. They were convicted for various violations regarding the shipment of explosives and firearms. The court held that there were compelling considerations of national security in the distinction between the treatment of U.S. citizens and non-resident aliens. In...
K. A. Taipale of the World Policy Institute, James Jay Carafano of The Heritage Foundation, and Philip Bobbitt of Columbia Law School, among others, have argued that FISA may need to be amended to include, among other things, procedures for programmatic approvals, as it may no longer be adequate to address certain foreign intelligence needs and tec...
USA PATRIOT Act
The Act was amended in 2001 by the USA PATRIOT Act, primarily to include terrorism on behalf of groups that are not specifically backed by a foreign government.
Lone wolf amendment
In 2004, FISA was amended to include a "lone wolf" provision. 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(1)(C). A "lone wolf" is a non-U.S. person who engages in or prepares for international terrorism. The provision amended the definition of "foreign power" to permit the FISA courts to issue surveillance and physical search orders without having to find a connection between the "lone wolf" and a foreign government or terrorist group. However, "if the court authorizes such a surveillance or physical search using th...
Terrorist Surveillance Act of 2006
On March 16, 2006, Senators Mike DeWine (R-OH), Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Chuck Hagel (R-NE), and Olympia Snowe (R-ME) introduced the Terrorist Surveillance Act of 2006 (S.2455), under which the President would be given certain additional limited statutory authority to conduct electronic surveillance of suspected terrorists in the United States subject to enhanced Congressional oversight. Also on March 16, 2006, Senator Arlen Specter (R-PA) introduced the National Security Surveillance Act of 20...
Greenwald, Glenn. "Fisa court oversight: a look inside a secret and empty process." The Guardian. Tuesday June 18, 2013.Roberts, Dan. "US must fix secret Fisa courts, says top judge who granted surveillance orders." The Guardian. Tuesday July 9, 2013.Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collectionFISA Amendments Reauthorization Act of 2017 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection"The Electronic Frontier Foundation's Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act FAQ". Archived from the original on March 3, 2006. Retrieved 2005-12-21.EPIC FISA page (Archived September 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine)Operational. range. 250 mi (400 km) Maximum speed. 35 mph (56 km/h) The Bradley Fighting Vehicle ( BFV) is a tracked armored fighting vehicle of the United States developed by FMC Corporation and now manufactured by BAE Systems Land & Armaments, formerly United Defense. It is named for U.S. General Omar Bradley .
General elections are being held in India from 19 April to 1 June 2024 in seven phases, to elect all 543 members of the Lok Sabha.The votes will be counted and the results will be declared on 4 June 2024. This is the largest-ever election in history, surpassing the previous election, and lasts 44 days, second only to the 1951–52 Indian general election.
- NDA
- Varanasi
- Narendra Modi
- BJP
WeChat. WeChat or Weixin in Chinese ( Chinese: 微信; pinyin: Wēixìn ( listen ⓘ); lit. 'micro-message') [a] is a Chinese instant messaging, social media, and mobile payment app developed by Tencent. First released in 2011, it became the world's largest standalone mobile app in 2018 [4] [5] with over 1 billion monthly active users.
The Night Agent is an American action thriller television series created by Shawn Ryan based on the novel of the same name by Matthew Quirk. Starring Gabriel Basso in the title role, it premiered on Netflix on March 23, 2023.[1] The series emerged as the third-most-viewed debuting series on Netflix in its first four days, and within a week it ...
