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Syphilis ( / ˈsɪfəlɪs /) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. [1] The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary). [1] [2] The primary stage classically presents with a single chancre (a firm ...
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic used medically for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. It is also used as a treatment for depression and pain management.[19] It is a novel compound that was derived from phencyclidine in 1962 in pursuit of a safer anesthetic with fewer hallucinogenic effects.[20][21] At anesthetic doses, ketamine ...
- Signs and Symptoms
- Cause
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Epidemiology
- History
Bell's palsy is characterized by a one-sided facial droop that comes on within 72 hours.In rare cases (<1%), it can occur on both sides resulting in total facial paralysis. The facial nerve controls a number of functions, such as blinking and closing the eyes, smiling, frowning, lacrimation, salivation, flaring nostrils and raising eyebrows. It als...
The cause of Bell's palsy is unknown. Risk factors include diabetes, a recent upper respiratory tract infection, and pregnancy. Some viruses are thought to establish a persistent (or latent) infection without symptoms, e.g., the varicella zoster virus and the Epstein–Barr virus, both of the herpes family. Reactivation of an existing (dormant) viral...
Bell's palsy is the result of a malfunction of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), which controls the musclesof the face. Facial palsy is typified by inability to move the muscles of facial expression. The paralysis is of the infranuclear/lower motor neuron type. It is thought that as a result of inflammation of the facial nerve, pressure is prod...
Bell's palsy is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning it is diagnosed by elimination of other reasonable possibilities. By definition, no specific cause can be determined. There are no routine lab or imaging tests required to make the diagnosis. The degree of nerve damage can be assessed using the House-Brackmann score. One study found that 45% of pati...
Steroids have been shown to be effective at improving recovery in Bell's palsy while antivirals have not. In those who are unable to close their eyes, eye protective measures are required.Management during pregnancy is similar to management in the non-pregnant.
Most people with Bell's palsy start to regain normal facial function within three weeks—even those who do not receive treatment.In a 1982 study, when no treatment was available, of 1,011 patients, 85% showed first signs of recovery within three weeks after onset. For the other 15%, recovery occurred 3–6 months later. After a follow-up of at least o...
The number of new cases of Bell's palsy ranges from about one to four cases per 10,000 population per year. The rate increases with age.Bell's palsy affects about 40,000 people in the United States every year. It affects approximately 1 person in 65 during a lifetime. A range of annual incidence rates have been reported in the literature: 15, 24, a...
The Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi(865–925) detailed the first known description of peripheral and central facial palsy. Cornelis Stalpart van der Wiel (1620–1702) in 1683 gave an account of Bell's palsy and credited the Persian physician Ibn Sina (980–1037) for describing this condition before him. James Douglas (1675–1742) and Ni...
Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses.[1] Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection.[3] The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches.[1] These ...
Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area. [2] [6] Typically the rash occurs in a single, wide mark either on the left or right side of the body or face. [1] Two to four days before the rash occurs there may be tingling or local pain in the area.
Psychology is the study of mind and behavior. [1] Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feelings, and motives. Psychology is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences.
Methylphenidate, sold under the brand names Ritalin (/ˈrɪtəlɪn/ RIT-ə-lin) and Concerta (/kənˈsɜːrtə/ kən-SUR-tə) among others, is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant used medically to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and, to a lesser extent, narcolepsy. It is a primary medication for ADHD (e.g. in ...
