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Its primary financial services revolve around commercial banking, wealth management, and investment banking. Through mergers, the oldest branch of the Bank of America franchise can be traced to 1784, when Massachusetts Bank was chartered, the first federally chartered joint-stock owned bank in the United States.
List of Linux distributions - Wikipedia. Timeline of the development of main Linux distributions [1] This page provides general information about notable Linux distributions in the form of a categorized list. Distributions are organized into sections by the major distribution or package management system they are based on. Debian-based.
- History
- Differences and Benefits
- Chip and Pin vis-à-vis Chip and Signature
- Online, Phone, and Mail Order Transactions
- Commands
- Transaction Flow
- Application Selection
- EMV Chip Specification
- List of EMV Documents and Standards
- Vulnerabilities
Until the introduction of chip & PIN, all face-to-face credit or debit card transactions involved the use of a magnetic stripe or mechanical imprint to read and record account data, and a signature for purposes of identity verification. The customer hands their card to the cashier at the point of salewho then passes the card through a magnetic read...
There are two major benefits to moving to smart-card-based credit card payment systems: improved security (with associated fraud reduction), and the possibility for finer control of "offline" credit-card transaction approvals. One of the original goals of EMV was to provide for multiple applications on a card: for a credit and debit card applicatio...
Chip and PIN is one of the two verification methods that EMV enabled cards can employ.Rather than physically signing a receipt for identification purposes, the user enters a personal identification number (PIN), typically of four to six digits in length. This number must correspond to the information stored on the chip or PIN at Host. Chip and PIN ...
While EMV technology has helped reduce crime at the point of sale, fraudulent transactions have shifted to more vulnerable telephone, Internet, and mail order transactions—known in the industry as card-not-present or CNP transactions. CNP transactions made up at least 50% of all credit card fraud.Because of physical distance, it is not possible for...
ISO/IEC 7816-3 defines the transmission protocol between chip cards and readers. Using this protocol, data is exchanged in application protocol data units(APDUs). This comprises sending a command to a card, the card processing it, and sending a response. EMV uses the following commands: 1. application block 2. application unblock 3. card block 4. e...
An EMV transaction has the following steps:[third-party source needed] 1. Application selection 2. Initiate application processing 3. Read application data 4. Processing restrictions 5. Offline data authentication 6. Certificates 7. Cardholder verification 8. Terminal risk management 9. Terminal action analysis 10. First card action analysis 11. On...
ISO/IEC 7816 defines a process for application selection. The intent of application selection was to let cards contain completely different applications—for example GSM and EMV. However, EMV developers implemented application selection as a way of identifying the type of product, so that all product issuers (Visa, Mastercard, etc.) must have their ...
The first version of EMV standard was published in 1995. Now the standard is defined and managed by the privately owned corporation EMVCo LLC. The current members of EMVCo are American Express, Discover Financial, JCB International, Mastercard, China UnionPay, and Visa Inc.Each of these organizations owns an equal share of EMVCo and has representat...
As of 2011, since version 4.0, the official EMV standard documents which define all the components in an EMV payment system are published as four "books" and some additional documents: 1. Book 1: Application Independent ICC to Terminal Interface Requirements 2. Book 2: Security and Key Management 3. Book 3: Application Specification 4. Book 4: Card...
Opportunities to harvest PINs and clone magnetic stripes
In addition to the track-two data on the magnetic stripe, EMV cards generally have identical data encoded on the chip, which is read as part of the normal EMV transaction process. If an EMV reader is compromised to the extent that the conversation between the card and the terminal is intercepted, then the attacker may be able to recover both the track-two data and the PIN, allowing construction of a magnetic stripe card, which, while not usable in a Chip and PIN terminal, can be used, for exa...
2010: Hidden hardware disables PIN checking on stolen card
On 11 February 2010 Murdoch and Drimer's team at Cambridge University announced that they had found "a flaw in chip and PIN so serious they think it shows that the whole system needs a re-write" that was "so simple that it shocked them". A stolen card is connected to an electronic circuit and to a fake card which is inserted into the terminal ("man-in-the-middle attack"). Any four digits can be typed in and accepted as a valid PIN. A team from the BBC's Newsnightprogramme visited a Cambridge...
2011: CVM downgrade allows arbitrary PIN harvest
At the CanSecWest conference in March 2011, Andrea Barisani and Daniele Bianco presented research uncovering a vulnerability in EMV that would allow arbitrary PIN harvesting despite the cardholder verification configuration of the card, even when the supported CVMs data is signed. The PIN harvesting can be performed with a chip skimmer. In essence, a CVM list that has been modified to downgrade the CVM to Offline PIN is still honoured by POS terminals, despite its signature being invalid.
Overview. USB was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to personal computers, both to exchange data and to supply electric power. It has largely replaced interfaces such as serial ports and parallel ports and has become commonplace on a wide range of devices.
Google Translate is a web-based free-to-use translation service developed by Google in April 2006. [11] It translates multiple forms of texts and media such as words, phrases and webpages. Originally, Google Translate was released as a statistical machine translation (SMT) service. [11] The input text had to be translated into English first ...
Oceanic whitetip shark swimming near a diver. The oceanic whitetip shark is a large requiem shark inhabiting tropical and warm temperate seas. It has a stocky body with long, white-tipped, rounded fins. The species is typically solitary but can congregate around food concentrations. It is found worldwide between 45°N and 43°S latitudes in ...
OnlyFans is an internet content subscription service based in London, United Kingdom. [3] The service is used primarily by sex workers who produce pornography, [3] [4] but it also hosts the work of other content creators, such as physical fitness experts and musicians. [5]
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