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Discussion Hod Lipson & Melba Kurman" "In the traditional manufacturing product design process, manufacturers develop a prototype based on research data about consumer preferences, test the prototype with customers, find flaws, and then continue to develop and ...
- Definitions
- Description
- Typology
- Examples
- Discussion
- More Information
Democratization of Innovation
Explanation by von Hippel: The Democratization of Innovationmeans that users of products and services, both firms and individual users, are increasingly able to develop what they need for themselves. Manufactured-Innovation means that firms develop innovations at private expense, then sell it. User-Innovation means that lead users develop innovations that they need, then make it freely available. Lead users foreshadow a more general demand. But the concept should not obscure the fact that man...
Definition of the related concept of "Customer-Made" by trendwatching.com: "The phenomenon of corporations creating goods, services and experiences in close cooperation with experienced and creative consumers, tapping into their intellectual capital, and in exchange giving them a direct say in (and rewarding them for) what actually gets produced, manufactured, developed, designed, serviced, or processed.”(http://www.trendwatching.com/trends/CUSTOMER-MADE.htm)
User-Driven vs. Community-Driven
"the user driven innovation paradigm is fading because it mainly drives the sustaining innovation trajectory of old established markets, because the users in the innovation process are the customers of the client – not the non-customers of the client. Thus, a community of users constituting numerous non-customers are a key for future success."(http://terranova.blogs.com/terra_nova/2007/06/applied-innovat.html#more)
User-Centered Innovation practices vs. Manufacturer-Centric Innovation, as explained by Eric von Hippel: "When I say that innovation is being democratized, I mean that users of products and services—both firms and individual consumers—are increasingly able to innovate for themselves.User-centered innovation processes offer great advantages over the...
Eric von Hippel et al: "A Single User Innovatoris a single firm or individual that creates an innovation in order touse it. Examples are a single firm creating a process machine in order to use it, and anindividual consumer creating a new piece of sporting equipment in order to use it. A producer innovator is a single, non-collaborating firm. Produ...
User-innovation example by Fortune "A dedicated kite-surfer—the sport involves riding a small board through water while attached to a parachute-like "kite"—he was unhappy with the goods on the market. In 2001 he started Zeroprestige.com, a website where he posted his kite designs. Soon other amateurs submitted their own concepts, and sail manufactu...
The socialization of innovation 'outside' of the enterprise "Only a fraction of the aesthetic innovations made in society occurs within the wage labour relation. That is, in the space conceptualised by Tessa Morris-Suzuki as ‘before’ production, in laboratories and in ad agencies. Most aesthetic innovation takes place ‘after’ production. It happens...
Research
1. Read the landmark book by Eric von Hippel on Democratizing Innovation. 2. More essays by the author at http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/papers.htm 3. Sonali Shah: Open Beyond Software: case studies in sport equipment, early 19th cy automobiles, personal computers and amateur astronomy 4. Report from the Nordisk Innovations Center: When the User Makes the Difference
Internal Articles
1. Our entry on User Innovation Theory; and Related entries: Crowdsourcing, Citizen Engineers, User-Generated Content, User-Generated Ecology; User-Generated Innovation
Business Aspects
1. 'Customer-made' production and marketing, special issue of Trendwatching newsletter, May 2005, at http://www.trendwatching.com/trends/CUSTOMER-MADE.html. 2. Its June 2005 issue covers twinsumers, how collaborative software is bringing consumers of similar taste together. 3. How Nokia Users Drive Innovation]
Eventually, even big corporations like 3M and Walmart embraced green "business practices," cutting waste, recycling, and producing and adopting less toxic products. Europe introduced the first large-scale cap-and-trade system in January 2005.
Discussion. The Public-Commons Partnership is a concept proposed by Tommaso Fattori, Italian commons activist, to replace the concepts of: - public-private partnership and public-public partnership. Tommaso Fattori: "The field of Commons can be for the most part identified with a public but not-state arena, in which the actions of the ...
Discussion on Cooperatives Separating Ownership from Voting Rights Presented as a solution to the degeneration problem (i.e. coops turning into for-profit enterprises): "The Mondragón co-ops avoid this degeneration by separating ownership, which varies in value ...
2. "A Community Land Trust is a mechanism for the democratic ownership of land by the local community. Land is taken out of the market and separated from its productive use so that the impact of land appreciation is removed, therefore enabling long-term affordable and sustainable local development." [2]
The combined expenses of the Mozilla Foundation and Corporation were approximately $8.2M in 2005, of which approximately $3M was associated with the Foundation. By far the biggest portion of these expenses went to support the large and growing group of people dedicated to creating and promoting Firefox, Thunderbird, and other Mozilla open source products and technologies.
