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Lupus, technically known as systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ), is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body. [1] Symptoms vary among people and may be mild to severe. [1] Common symptoms include painful and swollen joints, fever, chest pain, hair loss, mouth ulcers ...
Visna-maedi virus. The human immunodeficiency viruses ( HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), [1] [2] a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. [3]
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A rheumatologist is a physician who specializes in the field of medical sub-specialty called rheumatology. A rheumatologist holds a board certification after specialized training. In the United States, training in this field requires four years undergraduate school, four years of medical school, and then three years of residency, followed by two or...
Physical examination
Following are examples of methods of diagnosis able to be performed in a normal physical examination. 1. Schober's test tests the flexion of the lower back. 2. Multiple joint inspection 3. Musculoskeletal Examination 3.1. Screening Musculoskeletal Exam (SMSE) - a rapid assessment of structure and function 3.2. General Musculoskeletal Exam (GMSE) - a comprehensive assessment of joint inflammation 3.3. Regional Musculoskeletal Exam (RMSE) - focused assessments of structure, function and inflamm...
Specialized
1. Laboratory tests (e.g. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Rheumatoid Factor, Anti-CCP (Anti-citrullinated protein antibody), ANA (Anti-Nuclear Antibody)) 2. X-rays, Ultrasounds, and other imaging methods of affected joints 3. Cytopathology and chemical pathology of fluid aspirated from affected joints (e.g. to differentiate between septic arthritis and gout)
Most rheumatic diseases are treated with analgesics, NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug), steroids (in serious cases), DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), monoclonal antibodies, such as infliximab and adalimumab, the TNF inhibitor etanercept, and methotrexate for moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis. The biologic agent ritux...
Recently, a large body of scientific research deals with the background of autoimmune disease, the cause of many rheumatic disorders. Also, the field of osteoimmunology has emerged to further examine the interactions between the immune system, joints, and bones. Epidemiological studies and medication trials are also being conducted. The Rheumatolog...
Rheum surgery emerged in the cooperation of rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons in Heinola, Finland, during the 1950s. In 1970 a Norwegian investigation estimated that at least 50% of patients with rheumatic symptoms needed rheumasurgery as an integrated part of their treatment. The European Rheumatoid Arthritis Surgical Society(ERASS) was foun...
What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Schematic representation of an immune receptor An immune receptor (or immunologic receptor) is a receptor, usually on a cell membrane, which binds to a ligand (usually another protein, such as cytokine) and causes a response in the immune system.
Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1, colored green, budding from a cultured lymphocyte. HIV is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV/AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4 + T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4 + T cells.
The word psychopathy is a joining of the Greek words psyche ( ψυχή) "soul" and pathos ( πάθος) "suffering, feeling". [17] The first documented use is from 1847 in Germany as psychopatisch, [18] and the noun psychopath has been traced to 1885. [19] In medicine, patho- has a more specific meaning of disease (Thus pathology has meant the ...
Structure of a typical L-alpha-amino acid in the "neutral" form Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.[1] Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins.[2] Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of life.[3 ...
