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Austria, [e] formally the Republic of Austria, [f] is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. [13] It is a federation of nine federal states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous city and federal state.
The Czech Republic, [c] [12] also known as Czechia, [d] [13] is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, [14] it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. [15] The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a mostly temperate ...
Prague ( / ˈprɑːɡ / PRAHG; Czech: Praha [ˈpraɦa] ⓘ) [a] is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic [9] and the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated on the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.4 million people. The city has a temperate oceanic climate, with relatively warm summers and chilly winters.
- Origins
- First Czechoslovak Republic
- Interwar Period
- Munich Agreement, and Two-Step German Occupation
- Communist Czechoslovakia
- After 1989
The area was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until it collapsed at the end of World War I. The new state was founded by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, who served as its first president from 14 November 1918 to 14 December 1935. He was succeeded by his close ally Edvard Beneš(1884–1948). The roots of Czech nationalism go back to the 19th century, when ...
Formation
The Bohemian Kingdom ceased to exist in 1918 when it was incorporated into Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918, as one of the successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I and as part of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It consisted of the present day territories of Bohemia, Moravia, parts of Silesia making up present day Czech Republic, Slovakia, and a region of present-day Ukraine called Carpathian Ruthenia. Its territory included some...
Ethnicity
The new country was a multi-ethnic state, with Czechs and Slovaks as constituent peoples. The population consisted of Czechs (51%), Slovaks (16%), Germans (22%), Hungarians (5%) and Rusyns (4%). Many of the Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians and Poles and some Slovaks, felt oppressed because the political elite did not generally allow political autonomy for minority ethnic groups.[citation needed] This policy led to unrest among the non-Czech population, particularly in German-speaking Sudetenla...
During the period between the two world wars Czechoslovakia was a democratic state. The population was generally literate, and contained fewer alienated groups. The influence of these conditions was augmented by the political values of Czechoslovakia's leaders and the policies they adopted. Under Tomas Masaryk, Czech and Slovak politicians promoted...
In September 1938, Adolf Hitler demanded control of the Sudetenland. On 29 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the Appeasement at the Munich Conference; France ignored the military alliance it had with Czechoslovakia. During October 1938, Nazi Germanyoccupied the Sudetenland border region, effectively crippling Czechoslovak defences...
After World War II, prewar Czechoslovakia was reestablished, with the exception of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, which was annexed by the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Beneš decrees were promulgated concerning ethnic Germans (see Potsdam Agreement) and ethnic Hungarians. Under the decrees, citizenship was...
In 1989, the Velvet Revolution restored democracy.This occurred around the same time as the fall of communism in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland. The word "socialist" was removed from the country's full name on 29 March 1990 and replaced by "federal". Pope John Paul II made a papal visitto Czechoslovakia on 21 April 1990, hailin...
Gabrielle Bonheur " Coco " Chanel ( / ʃəˈnɛl / shə-NEL, French: [ɡabʁijɛl bɔnœʁ kɔko ʃanɛl] ⓘ; 19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) [2] was a French fashion designer and businesswoman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post– World War I era with popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the ...
Le Conquet ( French pronunciation: [lə kɔ̃kɛ]; Breton: Konk-Leon) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France. This is the westernmost town of mainland France. Only three island towns— Ouessant, Île-Molène and Ile de Sein —are farther west. [citation needed]
550 Madison Avenue is a postmodern skyscraper on Madison Avenue between 55th Street and 56th Street in New York City. Designed by Philip Johnson and John Burgee with associate architect Simmons Architects, the building was completed in 1984. It is a 647-foot-tall (197-meter), 37-story office tower with a facade made of pink granite.
