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Jolin Tsai ( Mandarin: [tsʰaɪ˥˩] ⓘ; Chinese: 蔡依林; born September 15, 1980) is a Taiwanese singer, songwriter, and actress. Known as the "Queen of C-pop", she is one of the most influential pop cultural figures in the Chinese-speaking world.
Cristiano Ronaldo is the most-followed individual, sportsperson, footballer, Portuguese and European on Instagram. Lionel Messi is the most-followed Argentinian and South American on Instagram. Selena Gomez is the most-followed woman, actress, musician, American and North American on Instagram. Virat Kohli is the most-followed Indian, cricketer ...
Instagram[a] is a photo and video sharing social networking service owned by Meta Platforms. It allows users to upload media that can be edited with filters, be organized by hashtags, and be associated with a location via geographical tagging. Posts can be shared publicly or with preapproved followers. Users can browse other users' content by ...
- 32 languages
- Meta Platforms
- October 6, 2010; 12 years ago
- 231.3MB (iOS), 50.22 MB (Android), 50.3 MB (Fire OS)
- Structure
- History
- Function
- Regulation
- External Links
pIgR is produced among others by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and bronchial epithelial cells. pIgR belongs to the family of type I transmembrane proteins. The extracellular portion of the protein contains 6 domains: 5 evolutionary conserved immunoglobulin-like domains, and 1 non-homologous domain, which is involved in proteolytic cleavage of ...
Per Brandtzaeg showed that secretory component acts as a plasma membrane receptor on epithelial cells for polymeric immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M. This was paradoxical, as secretory component is a soluble protein, whereas plasma membrane receptors are transmembrane proteins. Numerous models were proposed for how secretory component might wo...
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor is responsible for transcytosis of soluble dimeric IgA, pentameric IgM, and immune complexes from the basolateral to the apical mucosal epithelial cell surface. pIgR has a strong specificity to polymeric immunoglobulins and is not responsive to monomeric immunoglobulin. The ligand’s J-chainis responsible for the bi...
Cytokinetic Regulation
The expression of pIgR is critically regulated by the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The transcriptional regulation by different cytokines proceeds through similar pathways, involving the NF-kB feedback loop. Interaction of IL-1 and TNF-α with their receptors ultimately lead to transcriptional activation of PIGR gene due to nuclear translocation of NF-kB. NF-kB interacts with intron 1 of the PIGRgene to start pIgR mRNA synthesis. Besides NF-kB pathway, the t...
Hormonal Regulation
The level of pIgRs in the mucosal reproductive tract is highly dependent on the activity of sex hormones and correlates with estrous cycle phases. The peaks of pIgR expression at proestrus and estrus phases are due to the dominant activity of estrogen, which acts as a pIgR agonist. The low levels of pIgR during the diestrus are linked to the downregulating activity of progesterone, which peaks during this phase and is able to reverse the activity of estrogen. Androgensare the agonists of pIgR...
Pathogenic Stimulation
IECs express a variety of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), activation of which ultimately leads to the pIgR upregulation during the infection. The most prominent modulators of pIgR regulation consist of TLR4 and TLR3, which recognize bacterial lipopolysaccharide and viral dsRNA respectively. TLR4, like the majority of TLRs, transduce the signal though MyD88adaptor and execute the function via NF-kB, which stimulates the expression of pIgR by binding to intron 1 of the gene. TLR3, on the other hand...
Polymeric+Immunoglobulin+Receptor at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings(MeSH)
- PIGR, Pigr, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor
The Mount Edziza volcanic complex (MEVC) is a group of volcanoes and associated lava flows in northwest British Columbia, Canada. Located on the Tahltan Highland, the MEVC has a broad, steep-sided lava plateau; its highest summit is 2,786 metres (9,140 feet). Its volcanoes formed over the last 7.5 million years during five cycles of magmatic ...
Lisa became the most-followed K-pop idol on Instagram in April 2019, with 17.4 million followers at the time, and the first K-pop idol to surpass 50 million Instagram followers in April 2021. In January 2023, she was awarded a Guinness World Record for being the most followed K-pop artist on the platform, with 87 million followers at the time. [103]
Breaking Bad is an American crime drama television series created and produced by Vince Gilligan for AMC. Set and filmed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the series follows Walter White ( Bryan Cranston ), an underpaid, dispirited high-school chemistry teacher struggling with a recent diagnosis of stage-three lung cancer.
