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  1. Learning II is learning to learn. Learning III - Hyper-complexity: Learning III is a change in the process of Learning II, e.g. a corrective change in the system of sets of alternatives from which a choice is made. It works much as Learning II but on a higher level of abstraction. Bateson points out that this level of learning is never achieved ...

    • Introduction
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    By George Dafermos: "The concept of the Partner State took on a central importance in the work of the theoristsaffiliated with the P2PF in the last decade. Initially, it was incorporated into theirdiscourse as a strategic proposal for building commons-friendly institutions at statelevel. But as institutions of this type did not yet exist, the conce...

    Barcelona en Comú and the Bologna Regulation

    George Dafermos: "The meteoric rise of new municipalist movements and citizen platforms in the mid2010s like Barcelona en Comú drew the attention of P2PF theorists, who did not takelong to start theorizing them as examples of a ‘partner state approach’ (Bauwens et al.2019: 59-64). What, in their view, sets these ‘citizen platforms’ apart from conventionalpolitical parties is the emphasis of their political vision on the commons, as well as thefact that their programs push for ‘openness and de...

    Emilia-Romagna

    George Dafermos: "The second example, which serves as ‘a paradigmatic case for developing newinstitutional processes for public-commons partnerships,’ comes from the region ofEmilia-Romagna in Italy and, in specific, from the city of Bologna (Bauwens et al.2019: 61-62).16 As we mentioned in section 5.4, in the context of the FLOK policyproposals, the partnership model between cooperatives and the local government ofEmilia-Romagna was theorized as a real-world manifestation of the Partner Stat...

    M. Bauwens & V. Kostakis' 2014 book (last chapter of the part three discusses the partner state approach) as well as 2014 article: 1. Towards a new reconfiguration among the state, civil society and the market 2. http://p2pfoundation.net/Network_Society_and_Future_Scenarios_for_a_Collaborative_Economy David Ronfeld on the Partner State concept by M...

  2. 2017年12月17日 · China has already formed a much larger and better down-top ecosystem, manifesting the ultimate goal of the Maker Movement – democratizing innovation. We call it the New Shanzhai. The Chinese word for Shanzhai can be traced back to year 1999-2000, representing the act of copying and duplicating brand products. In recent years, Shanzhai has ...

  3. P2P是指被创造的如下的生产方式:. - 通过生产者(他们可以取得所分配的资本)之间的自由合作产生使用价值:这就是对等生产模式,“第三种生产模式”,不同于国有企业的公营或营利性生产。. 其产品不具有市场上的交换价值,而在使用者团体中具有使用 ...

  4. Description. 1. Axel Bruns: Produsage, and Produsage.org, is an idea whose time has come. It builds on a simple, yet fundamental proposition: the proposition that to describe the creative, collaborative, and ad hoc engagement with content for which user-led spaces such as the Wikipedia act as examples, the term production is no longer accurate.

  5. For digital commons theorists, cognitive capitalism represents a variant of capitalism which is out of sync with the needs, the wants and the capabilities of human beings in the contemporary world. In that sense, it has become socially irrelevant. That, however, has not stopped it from becoming increasingly more aggressive.

  6. 2011年6月13日 · 2. From the Wikipedia: "Fureai kippu (Caring Relationship Tickets) is a Japanese community currency created in 1995 by the Sawayaka Welfare Foundation so that people could earn credits helping seniors in their community. The basic unit of account is an hour of service to an elderly person. Sometimes seniors help each other and earn the credits ...

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