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The word psychopathy is a joining of the Greek words psyche ( ψυχή) "soul" and pathos ( πάθος) "suffering, feeling". [17] The first documented use is from 1847 in Germany as psychopatisch, [18] and the noun psychopath has been traced to 1885. [19] In medicine, patho- has a more specific meaning of disease (Thus pathology has meant the ...
Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and manifests in various forms. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum.Non-formal education also follows a structured approach but occurs outside the formal schooling system, while informal education entails unstructured learning through daily ...
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Wikipedia[note 3] is a free content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the use of the wiki-based editing system MediaWiki. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history.[3][4] It is consistently ranked as one of the ten most popular ...
- History
- Methods
- Education Practices
- Montessori's Philosophy
- Studies
- Trademark and Branding
- Further Reading
- External Links
Maria Montessori initially resisted a career in teaching, one of only a few professions open to women in that time period. She became one of the very first women to become a medical doctor in Italy in the 19th century, and specialized in psychiatry and pediatrics. Maria Montessori began developing her educational philosophy and methods in 1897, att...
Montessori education is based on a model of human development. This educational style operates abiding by two beliefs: that psychological self-construction in children and developing adults occurs through environmental interactions and that children (especially under the age of six) have an innate path of psychological development. Based on her obs...
Infant and toddler programs
Montessori classrooms for children under three fall into several categories, with a number of terms being used. A nido, Italian for "nest", serves a small number of children from around two months to around 14 months, or when the child is confidently walking. A "Young Child Community" serves a larger number of children from around one year to 2+1⁄2or 3 years old. Both environments emphasize materials and activities scaled to the children's size and abilities, opportunities to develop movement...
Preschool and kindergarten
Montessori classrooms for children from 2+1⁄2or 3 to 6 years old are often called Children's Houses, after Montessori's first school, the Casa dei Bambini in Rome in 1906. A typical classroom serves 20 to 30 children in mixed-age groups, staffed by a fully trained lead teacher and assistants. Classrooms are usually outfitted with child-sized tables and chairs arranged singly or in small clusters, with classroom materials on child-height shelves throughout the room. Activities are for the most...
Elementary classrooms
Elementary school classrooms usually serve mixed-age 6- to 9-year-old and 9- to 12-year-old groupings; 6- to 12-year-old groups are also used. Lessons are typically presented to small groups of children, who are then free to follow up with independent work of their own as interest and personal responsibility dictate. Montessori educators give interdisciplinary lessons examining subjects ranging from biology and history to theology, which they refer to as "great lessons". These lessons are typ...
Psychology
Montessori perceived specific elements of human psychology which her son and collaborator Mario Montessori identified as "human tendencies" in 1957. There is some debate about the exact list, but the following are clearly identified:
Relationship to peace
Montessori believed that education had an important role in achieving world peace,: 80 stating in her 1936 book Education and Peace that "[p]reventing conflicts is the work of politics; establishing peace is the work of education".She felt that children allowed to develop according to their inner laws of development would give rise to a more peaceful and enduring civilization. From the 1930s to the end of her life, she gave a number of lectures and addresses on the subject.
A 2017 review on evaluations of Montessori education studies states that broad evidence exists that certain elements of the Montessori method (e.g. teaching early literacy through a phonics approach embedded in a rich language context, providing a sensorial foundation for mathematics education) are effective, although these studies suffer from seve...
In 1967, the US Patent and Trademark Office ruled that "the term 'Montessori' has a generic and/or descriptive significance".According to many Montessori advocates, the lack of trademark protection has led to public misconceptions of the method due to some schools' using the term without adhering to Montessorian principles. In the Philippines, the ...
Chisholm, Hugh (1922). "Montessori System" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 31 (12th ed.).Main entrance of Camberwell High School, VIC, Australia A secondary school or high school is an institution that provides secondary education.Some secondary schools provide both lower secondary education (ages 11 to 14) and upper secondary education (ages 14 to 18), i.e., both levels 2 and 3 of the ISCED scale, but these can also be provided in separate schools.
Kentucky (1908) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), [1] was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. The decision partially overruled the Court's 1896 ...
