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Credit Suisse Group AG (French pronunciation: [kʁe.di sɥis], lit. ' Swiss Credit ') was a global investment bank and financial services firm founded and based in Switzerland.Headquartered in Zürich, it maintained offices in all major financial centers around the world and provided services in investment banking, private banking, asset management, and shared services.
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.[e][13] It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps and the Jura; the Alps occupy the ...
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Italian Wars
The Pontifical Swiss Guard has its origins in the 15th century. Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484) had already allied with the Swiss Confederacy and built barracks in Via Pellegrino after foreseeing the possibility of recruiting Swiss mercenaries. The pact was renewed by Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492) in order to use Swiss troops against the Duke of Milan. Alexander VI (1492–1503) later actually used the Swiss mercenaries during his alliance with the King of France. During the time of the Borgias, ho...
Early modern history
After the end of the Italian Wars, the Swiss Guard ceased to be used as a military combat unit in the service of the Pope and its role became mostly that of the protection of the person of the Pope and of an honour guard.However, twelve members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard of Pius V served as part of the Swiss Guard of admiral Marcantonio Colonna at the Battle of Lepantoin 1571. The office of commander of the Papal Guard came to be a special honour in the Catholic region of the Swiss Confede...
Modern history
The guard was disbanded yet again in 1848, when Pius IX fled to Gaeta, but was reinstated when the Pope returned to Rome the following year. After the Piedmontese invasion of Rome, the Swiss Guard declined in the later 19th century into a purely ceremonial body with low standards. Guards on duty at the Vatican were "Swiss" only in name, mostly born in Rome to parents of Swiss descent and speaking the Roman dialect. The guards were trained solely for ceremonial parade, kept only a few obsolete...
Recruits to the guards must be Catholic, single males with Swiss citizenship who have completed high school at least, basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces, and of irreproachable reputation and health. Recruits must be between 19 and 30 years of age, at least 174 cm (5 ft 8.5 in) tall, and prepared to sign up for at least 26 months. In 2009, P...
The official full dress uniform is of blue, red, orange and yellow with a distinctly Renaissance appearance. It was introduced by commandant Jules Repond (1910–1921) in 1914,inspired by 16th-century depictions of the Swiss Guard. A clear expression of the modern Pontifical Swiss Guard uniform can be seen in a 1577 fresco by Jacopo Coppi of the Empr...
The eponymous main weapon of the halbardiers is the halberd; corporals and vice-corporals are equipped with a partisan polearm. Ranks above corporal do not have polearms, but on certain ceremonial occasions carry command batons. The banner is escorted by two flamberge great swords carried by corporals or vice-corporals. A dress sword is carried by ...
As of 2024 the 135 members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard were: Commissioned officers 1. A Commander with the rank of Colonel; 2. A Vice-Commander with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel; 3. A Chaplain equal in rank to Lieutenant Colonel; 4. A Major; 5. 2 Captains; 6. 3 Lieutenants (rank introduced on 1 December 2020). Non-commissioned officers 1. A Ser...
The design of the banner of the Pontifical Swiss Guard banner has been changed several times. A fresco by Polidoro da Caravaggio in the burial chapel of the guard in Santa Maria della Pietà in Campo Santo Teutonico, commissioned by the second commander, Marx Röist, in 1522, depicts the commander of the guard flanked by two banners.An early referenc...
Alvarez, David (2011). The Pope's Soldiers: A Military History of the Modern Vatican. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1770-8.Richard, Christian-Roland Marcel (2005). La Guardia Svizzera Pontificia nel corso dei secoli. Leonardo International.Royal, Robert (2006). The Pope's Army: 500 Years of the Papal Swiss Guard. Crossroads Publishing Co.Roland Beck-von Büren: Swiss Guard in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.Official website: English; Archived 2013-12-11 at the Wayback MachineSwiss Post ( French: La Poste suisse, Italian: La Posta Svizzera, German: Die Schweizerische Post, Romansh: La Posta Svizra) is the national postal service of Switzerland. A public company owned by the Swiss Confederation, it is the country's second largest employer [2] with about 54,000 employees. [1] The group is based in Bern [3] [4] and has ...
Wiki" (pronounced [wiki] [note 1]) is a Hawaiian word meaning "quick". [4] [5] [6] The online encyclopedia project Wikipedia is the most popular wiki-based website, as well being one of the most popular websites on the entire internet, having been ranked consistently as such since at least 2007. [7] Wikipedia is not a single wiki but rather a ...
Sweden,[f] formally the Kingdom of Sweden,[g][h] is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi),[10] Sweden is the largest Nordic country and the fifth-largest country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Stockholm. Sweden has a population of 10.5 million,[6] and ...
Eswatini ( / ˌɛswɑːˈtiːni / ESS-wah-TEE-nee; Swazi: eSwatini [ɛswáˈtʼiːni] ), officially the Kingdom of Eswatini and also known by its former official name Swaziland ( / ˈswɑːzilænd / SWAH-zee-land) and formerly the Kingdom of Swaziland, [11] [12] is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Mozambique to its ...
