搜尋結果
The two main types of tests detect either the presence of the virus or antibodies produced in response to infection. [1] [2] Molecular tests for viral presence through its molecular components are used to diagnose individual cases and to allow public health authorities to trace and contain outbreaks.
Antibodies against spike glycoprotein are found in patients recovered from SARS and COVID-19. Neutralizing antibodies target epitopes on the receptor-binding domain. Most COVID-19 vaccine development efforts in response to the COVID-19 pandemic aim to
- Structure
- Expression and Localization
- Function
- Evolution and Conservation
The E protein consists of a short hydrophilic N-terminal region, a hydrophobic helical transmembrane domain, and a somewhat hydrophilic C-terminal region. In SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the C-terminal region contains a PDZ-binding motif (PBM). This feature appears to be conserved only in the alpha and beta coronavirus groups, but not gamma. In the bet...
The E protein is expressed at high abundance in infected cells. However, only a small amount of the total E protein produced is found in assembled virions. E protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic-reticulum–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), the intracellular compartment that gives rise to the coron...
Essentiality
Studies in different coronaviruses have reached different conclusions about whether E is essential to viral replication. In some coronaviruses, including MERS-CoV, E has been reported to be essential. In others, including mouse coronavirus and SARS-CoV, E is not essential, though its absence reduces viral titer,in some cases by introducing propagation defects or causing abnormal capsid morphology.
Virions and viral assembly
The E protein is found in assembled virions where it forms protein-protein interactions with the coronavirus membrane protein (M), the most abundant of the four structural proteins contained in the viral capsid. The interaction between E and M occurs through their respective C-termini on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. In most coronaviruses, E and M are sufficient to form virus-like particles, though SARS-CoV has been reported to depend on N as well. There is good evidence that E is inv...
Viroporin
In its pentameric state, E forms cation-selective ion channels and likely functions as a viroporin. NMR studies show that viroporin presents an open conformation at low pH or in the presence of calcium ions, while the closed conformation is favored at basic pH.The NMR structure shows a hydrophobic gate at leucine 28 in the middle of the pore. The passage of ions through the gate is thought to be facilitated by the polar residues at the C-terminus. The cation leakage may disrupt ion homeostasi...
The sequence of the E protein is not well conserved across coronavirus genera, with sequence identities reaching under 30%. In laboratory experiments on mouse hepatitis virus, substitution of E proteins from different coronaviruses, even from different groups, could produce viable viruses, suggesting that significant sequence diversity can be toler...
GX_P2V is a COVID-19 mutant strain that is fatal to humanized mice with the hACE2 gene. [1] The Chinese government has been performing tests on GX_P2V and has published a new study. [2] “ This underscores a spillover risk of GX_P2V into humans and provides a unique model for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 ...
The development of COVID-19 tests was a major public health priority during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2020, scientists from China published the first genetic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 via virological.org , [3] a "hub for prepublication data designed to assist with public health activities and research". [4]
COVID-19 pandemic. This article contains the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths per population as of 3 June 2024, by country. It also has cumulative death totals by country. For these numbers over time see the tables, graphs, and maps at COVID-19 pandemic deaths and COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory .
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identified in an outbreak in Wuhan , China, in December 2019, before it spread to other areas of Asia, and then ...
