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A doctorate (from Latin doctor, meaning "teacher") or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism licentia docendi ("licence to teach").
A Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research.
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What is a doctoral degree?
What is a Doctor of Science?
What is a doctorate besides a PhD?
What is a Doctor of Education?
Doctor (title) Former Vassar College president Catharine Bond Hill wearing doctoral robes. She has a doctorate and can thus carry the title of "Doctor". Doctor is an academic title that originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning. [1] The word is originally an agentive noun of the Latin verb docēre [dɔˈkeːrɛ] 'to teach'.
- Africa
- Asia
- Europe
- North America
- Russia and Other Post-Communist States
- South America
Algeria and Morocco
In Algeria, Morocco, Libya and Tunisia, all universities accredited by the state award a "Doctorate" in all fields of science and humanities, equivalent to a PhD in the United Kingdom or United States. Some universities in these four Arab countries award a "Doctorate of the State" in some fields of study and science. A "Doctorate of the State" is slightly higher in esteem than a regular doctorate, and is awarded after performing additional in-depth post-doctorate research or achievement.[cita...
Japan
Similarly to in the US, Japanese universities offer both the PhD and the ScD as initial doctorates in science.
India
In India only a few prestigious universities offer ScD/DSc in science which is obtained in Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and a doctoral defence. The oldest institute to award a DSc degree in India is Rajabazar Science College, University of Calcutta.
Thailand
Higher education institutes in Thailand generally grant PhD as a doctoral research degree, some universities including Chulalongkorn University award DSc. In exception, Mahidol University can grant both PhD and DSc Doctoral students in Faculty of Science are always awarded PhD, but some other programs award DSc.[specify][citation needed]
Austria, Germany, and Switzerland
In Germany, Austria, and the German-speaking part of Switzerland, the most common doctoral degrees in Natural Sciencesare the following: 1. Dr. rer. nat.: Doctor rerum naturalium, literally "Doctor of the things of nature" 2. Dr rer. medic.: Doctor rerum medicarum, Doctor of medical sciences 3. Dr. sc. med.: Doctor scientiarum medicarum, Doctor of science in medicine 4. Dr sc. nat.: Doktor der Naturwissenschaften, Doctor of Natural Sciences 5. Dr sc. ETH: Doktor der Naturwissenschaften ETH, D...
Poland
In Poland "Doctor of Sciences" or "Habilitation" (doktor habilitowany or dr hab.in Polish) is the degree higher than PhD and it is awarded for substantial accomplishments in teaching, research and service after getting the PhD degree (usually up to 8 years after PhD). It is very similar to the equivalent habilitation degree in Germany and Austria. It is also very similar (in terms of requirements) to associate professor with tenure. The highest scientific degree in Poland is "professorship" o...
United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Pakistan and the Commonwealth
In Ireland, the United Kingdom and the countries of the Commonwealth, such as Australia and India (in the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay), the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc or ScD) is one of the Higher Doctorates. In some older universities it typically has precedence after Divinity, Laws or Civil Law, Medicine, and Letters, and above Music. The degree is conferred on a member of the university who has a proven record of internationally recognised scholarship. A candidate for the d...
United States
In the United States, the formally recognized traditional Doctor of Science is an academic research doctoral degree awarded by research universities. The academic research ScD (or DSc) is considered by both the United States Department of Education and the National Science Foundationto be equivalent to the more commonly awarded PhD and not higher than a PhD as is the case in some European countries. The first North American ScD was inaugurated by Harvard University in 1872, when graduate stud...
Mexico
In Mexico the PhD level is considered a doctoral degree (level 8) similar to the doctorate degrees in Canada and the United States. The Doctor of Sciences degree is instead recognized as a Higher Degree(Grado Proprio).
In Russia as well as in some other former Communist Bloc countries, the status of Russian Doktor nauk (literally 'Doctor of Sciences') is considered a post-doctoral degree. The degree has no American equivalent but rather is similar to German Habilitation.
Argentina
In Argentina the formal title Doctor of Science would be attributed to different fields of the hard or soft sciences. To get into an Argentine PhD program the applicant must have experience in research and at least an Engineering, Licentiateor master's degree:
Brazil
In Brazil only the Doctor in Sciences (DSc) category is recognized as a higher doctorate,generally followed by the concentration area (program field). This kind of doctorate is obtained in Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and thesis defense. This doctorate is comparable to a PhD program found in other countries. In the state of São Paulo, the doctorate title is the second highest academic title given by the state's universities (University o...
The Doctor of Professional Studies (or sometimes awarded as Doctorate in Professional Practice) (most commonly DProf, DProfPrac or ProfD, but also available as DProfSt, [1] ProfD and DPS) is a doctoral degree for experienced professionals who wish to undertake a program that is applied in nature and of practical value to their career.
Doctor of Business Administration. The Doctor of Business Administration ( DBA) or ( DrBA) is a terminal degree in business administration. The DBA is classified as a research doctorate or professional doctorate depending on the granting university and country where the degree was awarded.
The Doctor of Education ( EdD or DEd; Latin Educationis Doctor or Doctor Educationis) is (depending on region and university) a research or professional doctoral degree that focuses on the field of education.
