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Ng Mui Wui (Chinese: 吳玫薈, born 31 March 1997) is a para table tennis player from Hong Kong. She won a bronze at the women's Class 11 singles event held at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
Wikipedia [c] is a free content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki.Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history, [3] [4] and is consistently ranked among the ten most visited websites; as of August 2024, it was ranked fourth by Semrush, [5] and seventh by ...
Rosalia Wu ( Chinese: 吳思瑤; pinyin: Wú Sīyáo; born 28 May 1974) is a Taiwanese politician. Elected to the Taipei City Council in 2006, she served until 2016, when she won election to the Legislative Yuan .
- History
- Justifications
- Uses
- Controversial Aspects
- Anti-Razors
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The phrase Occam's razor did not appear until a few centuries after William of Ockham's death in 1347. Libert Froidmont, in his On Christian Philosophy of the Soul, gives him credit for the phrase, speaking of "novacula occami". Ockham did not invent this principle, but its fame—and its association with him—may be due to the frequency and effective...
Aesthetic
Prior to the 20th century, it was a commonly held belief that nature itself was simple and that simpler hypotheses about nature were thus more likely to be true. This notion was deeply rooted in the aesthetic value that simplicity holds for human thought and the justifications presented for it often drew from theology.[clarification needed] Thomas Aquinasmade this argument in the 13th century, writing, "If a thing can be done adequately by means of one, it is superfluous to do it by means of...
Empirical
Occam's razor has gained strong empirical support in helping to converge on better theories (see Usessection below for some examples). In the related concept of overfitting, excessively complex models are affected by statistical noise (a problem also known as the bias–variance tradeoff), whereas simpler models may capture the underlying structure better and may thus have better predictive performance. It is, however, often difficult to deduce which part of the data is noise (cf. model selecti...
Mathematical
One justification of Occam's razor is a direct result of basic probability theory. By definition, all assumptions introduce possibilities for error; if an assumption does not improve the accuracy of a theory, its only effect is to increase the probability that the overall theory is wrong. There have also been other attempts to derive Occam's razor from probability theory, including notable attempts made by Harold Jeffreys and E. T. Jaynes. The probabilistic (Bayesian) basis for Occam's razor...
Science and the scientific method
In science, Occam's razor is used as a heuristic to guide scientists in developing theoretical models rather than as an arbiter between published models. In physics, parsimony was an important heuristic in Albert Einstein's formulation of special relativity, in the development and application of the principle of least action by Pierre Louis Maupertuis and Leonhard Euler, and in the development of quantum mechanics by Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg and Louis de Broglie. In chemistry, Occam's ra...
Biology
Biologists or philosophers of biology use Occam's razor in either of two contexts both in evolutionary biology: the units of selection controversy and systematics. George C. Williams in his book Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966) argues that the best way to explain altruism among animals is based on low-level (i.e., individual) selection as opposed to high-level group selection. Altruism is defined by some evolutionary biologists (e.g., R. Alexander, 1987; W. D. Hamilton, 1964) as behavi...
Religion
In the philosophy of religion, Occam's razor is sometimes applied to the existence of God. William of Ockham himself was a Christian. He believed in God, and in the authority of Christian scripture; he writes that "nothing ought to be posited without a reason given, unless it is self-evident (literally, known through itself) or known by experience or proved by the authority of Sacred Scripture." Ockham believed that an explanation has no sufficient basis in reality when it does not harmonize...
Occam's razor is not an embargo against the positing of any kind of entity, or a recommendation of the simplest theory come what may.[a] Occam's razor is used to adjudicate between theories that have already passed "theoretical scrutiny" tests and are equally well-supported by evidence.[b] Furthermore, it may be used to prioritize empirical testing...
Occam's razor has met some opposition from people who consider it too extreme or rash. Walter Chatton (c.1290–1343) was a contemporary of William of Ockham who took exception to Occam's razor and Ockham's use of it. In response he devised his own anti-razor: "If three things are not enough to verify an affirmative proposition about things, a fourth...
Since 2012 The Skeptic magazine annually awards the Ockham Awards, or simply the Ockhams, named after Occam's razor, at QED. The Ockhams were introduced by editor-in-chief Deborah Hyde to "recognise the effort and time that have gone into the community’s favourite skeptical blogs, skeptical podcasts, skeptical campaigns and outstanding contributors...
Ockham's Razor, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Sir Anthony Kenny, Marilyn Adams & Richard Cross (In Our Time, 31 May 2007)
Luther Ronzoni Vandross Jr. [6] was born on April 20, 1951, at Bellevue Hospital, in the Kips Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. [7] His birth occurred concurrently with General Douglas MacArthur 's ticker-tape parade throughout the same city.
Curb Your Enthusiasm premiered with an hour-long special on October 17, 1999, upon which the series was based. The series' first eight seasons aired from 2000 to 2011. The series took a prolonged hiatus before returning for a ninth season in 2017, a tenth in 2020, [8] and an eleventh in 2021. [9]
Wu Jianghao ( Chinese: 吴江浩; born September 1963) is a Chinese politician and diplomat who is currently serving as the Chinese Ambassador to Japan since March 22, 2023.
