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Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma) 'moldable substance' [1]) is one of four fundamental states of matter (the other three being solid, liquid, and gas) characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons.
It is a physical constant that is featured in many fundamental equations in the physical sciences, such as the ideal gas law, the Arrhenius equation, and the Nernst equation . The gas constant is the constant of proportionality that relates the energy scale in physics to the temperature scale and the scale used for amount of substance.
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR) [1] is a technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-resolution spectral data over a wide spectral range.
The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations.
In principle, Monte Carlo methods can be used to solve any problem having a probabilistic interpretation. By the law of large numbers, integrals described by the expected valueof some random variable can be approximated by taking the empirical mean(a.k.a.the 'sample mean') of independent samples of the variable.
Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bond to form N 2, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas.
In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient ( PCC) [a] is a correlation coefficient that measures linear correlation between two sets of data.
