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e. The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Covishield [31] and Vaxzevria [1] [32] among others, is a viral vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19. It was developed in the United Kingdom by Oxford University and British-Swedish company AstraZeneca, [33] [34] [35] using as a vector the modified chimpanzee ...
For the Netherlands, based on overall excess mortality, an estimated 20,000 people died from COVID-19 in 2020, [9] while only the death of 11,525 identified COVID-19 cases was registered. [8] The official count of COVID-19 deaths as of December 2021 is slightly more than 5.4 million, according to World Health Organization's report in May 2022.
Acraea terpsicore, commonly known as the tawny coster, is a species of butterfly in the Nymphalidae family, the brush-footed butterflies. It is found across eastern Asia from India and Sri Lanka to Singapore, Indonesia and the Maldives and, more recently, Australia.
- Application to Screening Study
- Definition
- Graphical Illustration
- Medical Usage
- Confusion Matrix
- Estimation of Errors in Quoted Sensitivity Or Specificity
- Terminology in Information Retrieval
- Terminology in Genome Analysis
- See Also
- External Links
Imagine a study evaluating a test that screens people for a disease. Each person taking the test either has or does not have the disease. The test outcome can be positive (classifying the person as having the disease) or negative (classifying the person as not having the disease). The test results for each subject may or may not match the subject's...
Sensitivity
Consider the example of a medical test for diagnosing a condition. Sensitivity (sometimes also named the detection rate in a clinical setting) refers to the test's ability to correctly detect ill patients out of those who do have the condition.Mathematically, this can be expressed as: 1. sensitivity = number of true positives number of true positives + number of false negatives = number of true positives total number of sick individuals in population = probability of a positive test given tha...
Specificity
Consider the example of a medical test for diagnosing a disease. Specificity refers to the test's ability to correctly reject healthy patients without a condition. Mathematically, this can be written as: 1. specificity = number of true negatives number of true negatives + number of false positives = number of true negatives total number of well individuals in population = probability of a negative test given that the patient is well {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{specificity}}&={\frac...
High sensitivity and low specificityLow sensitivity and high specificityA graphical illustration of sensitivity and specificityIn medical diagnosis, test sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positive rate), whereas test specificity is the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative rate).If 100 patients known to have a disease were tested, and 43 test positive, then the test has 43% s...
The relationship between sensitivity, specificity, and similar terms can be understood using the following table. Consider a group with P positive instances and N negative instances of some condition. The four outcomes can be formulated in a 2×2 contingency table or confusion matrix, as well as derivations of several metrics using the four outcomes...
Sensitivity and specificity values alone may be highly misleading. The 'worst-case' sensitivity or specificity must be calculated in order to avoid reliance on experiments with few results. For example, a particular test may easily show 100% sensitivity if tested against the gold standard four times, but a single additional test against the gold st...
In information retrieval, the positive predictive value is called precision, and sensitivity is called recall. Unlike the Specificity vs Sensitivity tradeoff, these measures are both independent of the number of true negatives, which is generally unknown and much larger than the actual numbers of relevant and retrieved documents. This assumption of...
Similarly to the domain of information retrieval, in the research area of gene prediction, the number of true negatives (non-genes) in genomic sequences is generally unknown and much larger than the actual number of genes (true positives). The convenient and intuitively understood term specificity in this research area has been frequently used with...
Human papillomavirus infection ( HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. [5] Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years. [1] In some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions. [2] These lesions, depending on the site affected ...
The number π (/ p aɪ /; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, approximately equal to 3.14159.The number π appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics.It is an irrational number, meaning that it cannot be expressed exactly as a ratio of two integers, although fractions such as are commonly used to ...
2024 list by the United Nations Population Fund Rank Country Total Fertility rate in 2024 (births/woman) 1 Niger 6.6 2 Chad 6.0 3 DR Congo 6.0 4 Somalia 6.0 5 Central African Republic 5.7 6 Mali 5.7 7 Angola 5.0 8 Nigeria 5.0 9 Burundi 4.8 10 Benin 4.7 11 Burkina Faso
