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2010年7月1日 · ZunaFish is the top site that uses direct peer-to-peer trading. The previous nine convert your books to a tradable currency, but ZunaFish aims to help you trade directly with someone else. 10. SwapThing.com 11. BookCrossing.com
According to the International Fair Trade Association (IFAT), "Fair Trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to and securing the rights of, marginalized workers and producers ...
Market 2.0, which has now reached its zenith, is centralised but connected, with market presence through intermediaries such as Exchanges or proprietary Alternative Trading Systems (ATSs). Market 3.0 represents the final evolution of markets: decentralised but connected, with market presence being through a 'network presence' on a dedicated ...
- Definition
- Description
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1. A system in which the currency necessary to mediate a transaction is created at the time of the transaction as a corresponding credit and debit in the balances of the two parties. These systems (LETS and Time Dollars, and the proposed ROCS), unlike fiat currencies, do not require any centralized money supply management. 2. From the Wikipedia: “M...
1. Anthony Migchels: "Mutual Credit is just simple bookkeeping. When opening an account one gets a credit line and can start spending by going into debt. When doing so, the unit is created. It is so mindblowingly simple it boggles the mind how the banks have gotten away with their silly antics for so long. Mutual Credit is undoubtedly the unit of t...
USA
VERMONT RESILIENCE LAB: "Globally, many people connect with the idea of mutual credit as LETS systems, which stands for Local Exchange Trading Systems. These are community trading systems and come in many different varieties. They tend to be filled with individuals trading handmade goods and services rather than businesses. In the US, due to IRS rulings and regulations, mutual credit splits into two unique forms rather than the general purpose LETS systems seen around the world. 1. Barter Exc...
Mutual credit systems are normally completely decoupled from national currency and thus have amuch greater theoretical potential; they have however remained more or less in the province ofswapping home-made jam for lawn-mowing, because they are not, or not adequately, securedagainst misuse – so people in general are not willing to offer expensive p...
1. Advantages and disadvantages: "One economic advantage of mutual credit is that the currency supply is self-regulating--the money supply expands and contracts as needed, without any managing authority. The availability of interest-free loans is a great advantage to members of the system. One major downside of mutual credit, as with any form of cr...
Sarafu: Digitally Empowered Mutual Credit Systems in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa
Will Ruddick: "The ability for people to create tokens on public ledgers has been around for many years. Likewise the ability for people to make printed IOUs has also been around for a while. See printed Ithaca hours. https://viz.sarafu.networkis data from 60 such community issued mutual credit systems using Blockchain in Kenya." (email, January 2024)
Application in LETSystem
"... I--who with others 'coined' the LETSystem word to express the ideas of consent, collaboration, invitation, possibility--regret the extent to which others restrict their understanding to the local. Certainly, local is good, local is essential, and local will happen--but let's not lose sight of the bigger pictures.... I don't just care about local people - I also care about my childrens' childrens' children (none yet born), and about trees, who don't seem to give a damn about me, and about...
Ournexchange
= Community Currency Trading for the Rogue Valley "Our local currency system is distinct from the national system, in that Trade Dollars is not “created” by a central bank. Instead, currency is activated by members at the time of the transaction, and the resulting balances are tracked by the system. All the currency will be backed by trust, and the service we promise to owe each other. This form of economy is called a mutual credit system, and can be thought of as mutual credit and debit trad...
Wikipedia article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_creditCommunity Empowerment through Mutual Credit Systems: http://www.ratical.org/many_worlds/cc/NMfHC/chp12.html"Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS) and Schemes are local, non-profit exchange networks in which all kinds of goods and services can be traded without the need for money. A LETS network uses an interest-free local credit or currency so direct swaps do not need to be made .
JPE. 1993. "Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: The Maghribi Traders' Coalition." American Economic Review, Vol. 83 (3): 525-48. 1992. "Instuitions and International Trade: Lessons from the Commercial Revolution." American Economic Review. 1989. "Reputation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade: Evidence on the Maghribi ...
Unsurprisingly, cap-and-trade’s fiercest promoters include Wall Street institutions that see emissions-permit trading as a lucrative new market that could earn them billions in new fees, commissions and, while it lasts, speculative gains.
