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e. The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Covishield [31] and Vaxzevria [1] [32] among others, is a viral vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19. It was developed in the United Kingdom by Oxford University and British-Swedish company AstraZeneca, [33] [34] [35] using as a vector the modified chimpanzee ...
The smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine to have been developed against a contagious disease. In 1796, British physician Edward Jenner demonstrated that an infection with the relatively mild cowpox virus conferred immunity against the deadly smallpox virus.
- Uses
- Health Effects
- Available Forms and Nomenclature
- Production
- Safety
- See Also
Medical uses
1. Pharmaceutical-grade PEG is used as an excipientin many pharmaceutical products, in oral, topical, and parenteral dosage forms. 2. PEG is the basis of a number of laxatives (as MiraLax, RestoraLAX, etc.). Whole bowel irrigation with polyethylene glycol and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy or for children with constipation. Macrogol (with brand names such as Laxido, Movicol and Miralax) is the generic name for polyethylene glycol used as a laxat...
Chemical uses
1. Polyethylene glycol is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluidin electronic testers. 2. PEG is frequently used to preserve waterlogged wood and other organic artifacts that have been salvaged from underwater archaeological contexts, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm, and similar cases. It replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing warping or shrinking of the wood when...
Biological uses
1. An example study was done using PEG-diacrylate hydrogels to recreate vascular environments with the encapsulation of endothelial cells and macrophages. This model furthered vascular disease modeling and isolated macrophage phenotype's effect on blood vessels. 2. PEG is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro assays to mimic highly crowded cellular conditions. Although polyethylene glycol is considered biologically inert, it can form non-covalent complexes with monovalent cations such...
PEG is considered biologically inert and safe by the U.S. FDA. However, a growing body of evidence shows the existence of a detectable level of anti-PEG antibodies in approximately 72% of the population, never treated with PEGylated drugs, based on plasma samples from 1990 to 1999.[further explanation needed] Due to its ubiquity in a multitude of p...
PEG, PEO, and POE refer to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide. The three names are chemically synonymous, but historically PEG is preferred in the biomedical field, whereas PEO is more prevalent in the field of polymer chemistry. Because different applications require different polymer chain lengths, PEG has tended to refer to oligomers and p...
The production of polyethylene glycol was first reported in 1859. Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols. Polyethylene glycol is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers. The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic c...
PEO's have "very low singledose oral toxicity", on the order of tens of grams per kg body weight (oral). Because of its low toxicity, PEO is used in a variety of edible products.The polymer is used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments. The precursor to PEGs is ethylene oxide, which is hazardous. Ethy...
The IP code or ingress protection code indicates how well a device is protected against water and dust. It is defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) under the international standard IEC 60529 [1] which classifies and provides a guideline to the degree of protection provided by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures ...
Precision and recall In pattern recognition, information retrieval, object detection and classification (machine learning), precision and recall are performance metrics that apply to data retrieved from a collection, corpus or sample space.Precision (also called positive predictive value) is the fraction of relevant instances among the retrieved instances.
Global Peace Index ( GPI) is a report produced by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) which measures the relative position of nations' and regions' peacefulness. [2] . The GPI ranks 163 independent states and territories (collectively accounting for 99.7 per cent of the world's population) according to their levels of peacefulness.
Four UN members (Cuba, Liechtenstein, Monaco and North Korea) do not belong to the IMF hence their economies are not ranked below. Kosovo, despite not being a member of the United Nations, is a member of IMF. Taiwan is not a IMF member but it is still listed in the official IMF indices. Several leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions may ...
