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The first documented use of the phrase "United States of America" is a letter from January 2, 1776. Stephen Moylan, a Continental Army aide to General George Washington, wrote to Joseph Reed, Washington's aide-de-camp, seeking to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the Revolutionary War effort.
American Airlines is a major airline in the United States headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, within the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. It is the largest airline in the world when measured by scheduled passengers carried, revenue passenger mile. American, together with its regional partners and affiliates, operates an extensive international ...
American retail corporation Walmart has been the world's largest company by revenue since 2014. [1] The list is limited to the largest 50 companies, all of which have annual revenues exceeding US$130 billion. This list is incomplete, as not all companies disclose their information to the media and/or general public. [3]
- United States
- International
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Conglomerates
- Media Conglomerates
- Food Conglomerates
- Bibliography
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The conglomerate fad of the 1960s
During the 1960s, the United States was caught up in a "conglomerate fad" which turned out to be a form of an economic bubble. Due to a combination of low interest rates and a repeating bear-bull market, conglomerates were able to buy smaller companies in leveraged buyouts (sometimes at temporarily deflated values). Famous examples from the 1960s include Gulf and Western Industries, Ling-Temco-Vought, ITT Corporation, Litton Industries, Textron, and Teledyne. The trick was to look for acquisi...
Genuine diversification
In other cases, conglomerates are formed for genuine interests of diversification rather than manipulation of paper return on investment. Companies with this orientation would only make acquisitions or start new branches in other sectors when they believed this would increase profitability or stability by sharing risks. Flush with cash during the 1980s, General Electric also moved into financing and financial services, which in 2005 accounted for about 45% of the company's net earnings. GE fo...
Mutual funds
With the spread of mutual funds (especially index funds since 1976), investors could more easily obtain diversification by owning a small slice of many companies in a fund rather than owning shares in a conglomerate. Another example of a successful conglomerate is Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway, a holding companywhich used surplus capital from its insurance subsidiaries to invest in businesses across a variety of industries.
The end of the First World War caused a brief economic crisis in Weimar Germany, permitting entrepreneurs to buy businesses at rock-bottom prices. The most successful, Hugo Stinnes, established the most powerful private economic conglomerate in 1920s Europe – Stinnes Enterprises – which embraced sectors as diverse as manufacturing, mining, shipbuil...
Advantages
1. Diversification results in a reduction of investment risk. A downturn suffered by one subsidiary, for instance, can be counterbalanced by stability, or even expansion, in another division. For example, if Berkshire Hathaway's construction materials business has a good year, the profit might be offset by a bad year in its insurance business. This advantage is enhanced by the fact that the business cycle affects industries in different ways. Financial Conglomerates have very different compli...
Disadvantages
1. The extra layers of management increase costs. 2. Accounting disclosure is less useful information, many numbers are disclosed grouped, rather than separately for each business. The complexity of a conglomerate's accounts make them harder for managers, investors and regulators to analyze, and makes it easier for management to hide issues. 3. Conglomerates can trade at a discount to the overall individual value of their businesses because investors can achieve diversification on their own s...
In her 1999 book No Logo, Naomi Klein provides several examples of mergers and acquisitions between media companies designed to create conglomerates for the purposes of creating synergybetween them: 1. WarnerMedia included several tenuously linked businesses during the 1990s and 2000s, including Internet access, content, film, cable systems and tel...
Similar to other industries there are many companies that can be termed as conglomerates. 1. The Philip Morris group, which once was the parent company of Altria group, Philip Morris International, and Kraft Foodshad an annual combined turnover of $80 bn. Although Phillip Morris International and Kraft Foods were spun off to independent companies. ...
Holland, Max (1989), When the Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, ISBN 978-0-87584-208-0, OCLC 246343673.McDonald, Paul and Wasko, Janet (2010), The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4051-3388-3"Conglomerate". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. November 17, 2007.The president of the United States ( POTUS) [B] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . The power of the presidency has grown substantially [12] since the first president ...
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, five major self-governing territories, several island possessions, and the federal district and national capital of Washington, D.C., where most of the federal government is based.
The University of California, Berkeley ( UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) [10] [11] is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Founded in 1868 and named after Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley, it is the state's first land-grant university and the founding campus of the University of California system.
