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Independent suspension is any automobile suspension system that allows each wheel on the same axle to move vertically (i.e. reacting to a bump on the road) independently of the others. This is contrasted with a beam axle or deDion axle system in which the wheels are linked. "Independent" refers to the motion or path of movement of the wheels or ...
The Celica Supra's four-wheel independent suspension was specially tuned and designed by Lotus and featured variable assisted power rack-and-pinion steering and MacPherson struts up front. At the rear, it had semi-trailing arm suspension with coil springs and a stabilizer bar.
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Vehicles. Models that have adopted the Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System to date include: 2010–2016 Toyota 4Runner Trail Edition. 2017–2024 Toyota 4Runner TRD Off-Road. 2008–2023 Toyota Land Cruiser. 2004–present Lexus GX. 2010–2023 Toyota Prado. See also. Toyota TEMS. Citroën Hydractive. Notes. ^ "Kinetic Suspension Technology".
The SA was Toyota's first true post war design. It differed from all previous Toyota cars by having a 4-cylinder engine (previously a 6-cylinder was used), 4-wheel independent suspension (previously using rigid axles with leaf springs) and a smaller, "ponton"
In August 1980, Toyota released high-end models with four-wheel independent suspension, denoted A50 (front MacPherson struts, rear semi-trailing arm setup; four-wheel disc brakes). [11] [13] [14] For the TA57 series 1800 SX, Toyota fitted the 1.8-liter 3T-EU engine.
The technology was installed on top-level Toyota products with four wheel independent suspension, labeled PEGASUS (Precision Engineered Geometrically Advanced SUSpension). Because of the nature of the technology, TEMS was installed on vehicles with front and rear independent suspensions .
The lower-grade models were available with Toyota's F292 live axle rear suspension while the rest introduced 4-wheel independent suspension branded as PEGASUS (Precision Engineered Geometrically Advanced Suspension) on the Crown for the first time, with
