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Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and uses learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals.
Calculus, mathematical analysis, statistics, physics. In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by Γ, the capital letter gamma from the Greek alphabet) is one commonly used extension of the factorial function to complex numbers. The gamma function is defined for all complex numbers except the non-positive integers.
- Uses
- Health Effects
- Available Forms and Nomenclature
- Production
- Safety
- See Also
Medical uses
1. Pharmaceutical-grade PEG is used as an excipientin many pharmaceutical products, in oral, topical, and parenteral dosage forms. 2. PEG is the basis of a number of laxatives (as MiraLax, RestoraLAX, etc.). Whole bowel irrigation with polyethylene glycol and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy or for children with constipation. Macrogol (with brand names such as Laxido, Movicol and Miralax) is the generic name for polyethylene glycol used as a laxat...
Chemical uses
1. Polyethylene glycol is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluidin electronic testers. 2. PEG is frequently used to preserve waterlogged wood and other organic artifacts that have been salvaged from underwater archaeological contexts, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm, and similar cases. It replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing warping or shrinking of the wood when...
Biological uses
1. An example study was done using PEG-diacrylate hydrogels to recreate vascular environments with the encapsulation of endothelial cells and macrophages. This model furthered vascular disease modeling and isolated macrophage phenotype's effect on blood vessels. 2. PEG is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro assays to mimic highly crowded cellular conditions. Although polyethylene glycol is considered biologically inert, it can form non-covalent complexes with monovalent cations such...
PEG is considered biologically inert and safe by the U.S. FDA. However, a growing body of evidence shows the existence of a detectable level of anti-PEG antibodies in approximately 72% of the population, never treated with PEGylated drugs, based on plasma samples from 1990 to 1999.[further explanation needed] Due to its ubiquity in a multitude of p...
PEG, PEO, and POE refer to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide. The three names are chemically synonymous, but historically PEG is preferred in the biomedical field, whereas PEO is more prevalent in the field of polymer chemistry. Because different applications require different polymer chain lengths, PEG has tended to refer to oligomers and p...
The production of polyethylene glycol was first reported in 1859. Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols. Polyethylene glycol is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers. The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic c...
PEO's have "very low singledose oral toxicity", on the order of tens of grams per kg body weight (oral). Because of its low toxicity, PEO is used in a variety of edible products.The polymer is used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments. The precursor to PEGs is ethylene oxide, which is hazardous. Ethy...
Biology is the scientific study of life.[1][2][3] It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field.[1][2][3] For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to future generations. Another ...
A sigmoid function is any mathematical function whose graph has a characteristic S-shaped or sigmoid curve . A common example of a sigmoid function is the logistic function shown in the first figure and defined by the formula: [1] Other standard sigmoid functions are given in the Examples section. In some fields, most notably in the context of ...
Definition. The softmax function takes as input a vector z of K real numbers, and normalizes it into a probability distribution consisting of K probabilities proportional to the exponentials of the input numbers. That is, prior to applying softmax, some vector components could be negative, or greater than one; and might not sum to 1; but after ...
Windows 10 is a major release of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system. It is the direct successor to Windows 8.1, which was released nearly two years earlier. It was released to manufacturing on July 15, 2015, and later to retail on July 29, 2015.[20] Windows 10 was made available for download via MSDN and TechNet, as a free upgrade for ...
