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Peters, Flamman and Company v Kokstad Municipality, [1] decided by Solomon JA, is an important case in South African contract law, specifically in the area of termination and supervening impossibility of performance. The company had entered into a twenty-year contract with the municipality to light its street lamps. [2]
Year 427 (CDXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hierius and Ardabur (or, less frequently, year 1180 Ab urbe condita).
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Redirect page Redirect to: 427 From currently unnecessary disambiguation: This is a redirect from a page name that has a currently unneeded disambiguation qualifier. Examples are: Jupiter (planet) Jupiter ...
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the original Anno Domini (AD) and Before Christ (BC) notations used for the same calendar era.
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In the middle of his life, Tao changed his name (keeping his family name) from Tao Yuanming (traditional Chinese: 陶淵明; simplified Chinese: 陶渊明; pinyin: Táo Yuānmíng; Wade–Giles: T'ao Yüan-ming) to Tao Qian (simplified Chinese: 陶潜; traditional Chinese: 陶潛; pinyin: Táo Qián; Wade–Giles: T'ao Ch'ien). "Master of the Five Willows", another name which h...
Ancestry
Tao Yuanming's great-grandfather was the eminent Jin dynasty general and governor, Tao Kan (259–334). His grandfather and father also both served as government officials, rising to the level of county governor. However, the family circumstances into which Tao Yuanming was born were only those of moderate poverty and lack of much political influence.Family circumstances included the death of his father when he was eight years old.
Personal background
Tao Yuanming is considered to be a person of the Eastern Jin dynasty (316/317 – 419/420 CE), although living beyond the demise of that dynasty. The last stable period in Chinese history had been during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), which was followed by the various political permutations known as the Three Kingdoms, one of these successor states being Cao Wei, founded and ruled by the Cao clan, and basically briefly reunifying China. The Jin dynasty was founded and controlled by the Sim...
Birth
Tao Yuanming was born during the Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420), in Chaisang, a place which is now a district of the city of Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province, China.
There are various sources with information about Tao Yuanming. As he lived in the Jin dynasty, he is chronicled in the Book of Jin. Since he lived into Liu Song times, he is also chronicled in the Book of Song. Tao Yuanming has another biography in the History of the South. There is also some information to be found in his preserved works, which we...
Approximately 130 of his works survive, consisting mostly of poems or essays which depict an idyllic pastorallife of farming and drinking.
Zhong Rong (468–518) described Yuanming's literary style as "spare and limpid, with scarcely a surplus word." In Poetry Gradings (詩品) Zhong Rong wrote: Su Shi (1037–1101), one of the major poets of the Song era, said that the only poet he was particularly fond of was Yuanming, who "deeply impressed [him] by what he was as a man." Su Shi exalted Yua...
Tao Yuanming has inspired not only generations of poets, but also painters and other artists. 1. Tao Yuanming statue in his hometown (柴桑) (modern Jiujiang, Jiangxi) 2. Tao Yuanmingby Min Zhen, 18th century. 3. From the book Wan hsiao tang-Chu chuang -Hua chuan (晩笑堂竹荘畫傳), published in 1921 (民国十年). 4. Master Jingjie, hanging scroll, ink on paper, 106...
Editions
1. Meng Erdong ed. Tao Yuanming Ji Yi Zhu ISBN 7-80626-064-1. 2. Wu Zheshun ed. Tao Yuanming Ji ISBN 7-80520-683-X 3. David Hinton (translator). The Selected Poems of T'ao Ch'ien (Copper Canyon Press, 1993) ISBN 1-55659-056-3. 4. Karl-Heinz Pohl (translator). Der Pfirsichbluetenquell(Bochum University Press, 2002) 5. Davis, A.R. T'ao Yuan-ming(Hong Kong, 1983) 2 vols. 6. William Acker (translator). T'ao the Hermit: Sixty Poems by T'ao Ch'ien, 365–427(London & New York: Thames and Hudson, 1952...
Commentary
1. Ashmore, Robert. The Transport of Reading: Text and Understanding in the World of Tao Qian (365–427) (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2010) ISBN 9780674053212 2. Hightower, James R. Poetry of T'ao Ch'ien ISBN 0-19-815440-2. 3. Xiaofei Tian. Tao Yuanming and Manuscript Culture: The Record of a Dusty Table ISBN 978-0-295-98553-4.
Works by Qian Tao at Project GutenbergWorks by or about Tao Yuanming at Internet ArchiveWorks by Tao Yuanming at LibriVox(public domain audiobooks)Collected Works of Tao Yuanming at World Digital LibraryHis name was Abu Tamim Ma‘ad, surnamed al-Mustansir bil-Lah ("The Asker Of Victory From God"). He ascended to the Fatimid Caliphate 's throne on 15th Shaban , 427/June 13, 1036 at the age of 7. During the early years of his Caliphate , state affairs were administered by his mother.
This timeline of ancient history lists historical events of the documented ancient past from the beginning of recorded history until the Early Middle Ages. Prior to this time period, prehistory civilizations were pre-literate and did not have written language.
