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ABSTRACT. "The “well-field” or nine-square system is a major system in Chinese history, and indeed a major type of landownership in world history. According to this system, a square of land was subdivided into nine smaller squares, creating a pattern like the Chinese character jing.
Part I surveys the historical background to commons thinking through the course of its foundation as a dictator-led developmental state through to its current democratic and neoliberal status quo. Following on from this, Part II looks at how diverse commons perspectives have taken root during this period.
P2P不仅仅是简单发生在分布式网络里的任一行为或生产方式：它们特指旨在增加平等参与者最广泛参与的行为或方法。 我们将在研究P2P模式的特点时详细定义这些术语，以下是最普遍和最重要的一些特征： P2P是指被创造的如下的生产方式： - 通过生产者（他们可以取得所分配的资本）之间的自由合作产生使用价值：这就是对等生产模式，“第三种生产模式”，不同于国有企业的公营或营利性生产。 其产品不具有市场上的交换价值，而在使用者团体中具有使用价值。 - 其过程和决策由生产者团体自行管理，而不受市场分配或企业管理层级的支配。 这就是P2P管理模式，或“第三种管理模式”。
Cosmolocalism stands for a transformation in how we produce the stuff of life. It is a contested space with no guarantees. There are patent wars and appropriations of IP, the challenges in building and financing open source and open design start ups, creating urban commons ecosystems, and a variety of other challenges.
There are vital functions that the national state performs for transnational capital, among them, sets of local economic policies aimed at achieving macroeconomic equilibrium, the provision of property laws, infrastructure, and, of course, social control and ideological reproduction – and, here, Wood and I are in agreement.
... In China today the state owns the commanding heights of the economy and through the use of the state banks, the state budget, and the five-year plan it can decide upon the what direction the economy should take.
It was a settlement by “a union between families considered as of common descent and owning a certain territory in common.” In fact, in the transition from the clan to the village community, the nucleus of a newly founded village commune was frequently a single joint household or extended family compound, sharing its hearth and livestock in common.
