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Contextual Citation Liz Barry: "Thanks to the rise of the Internet, many people around the world are today sending many signals to many other people and/or governments with many tools, most of which were never designed for diverse constituencies to ...
- Definition
- Related Definitions
- History
- Benefits
- Typology
- Examples
- Discussion: Specific Difficulties of Open Hardware
- Open Design
- More Information
Please note: "Is it "open hardware" or "open source hardware?" This distinction is still under discussion. The term open source corresponds directly to programmatic source code, which holds true for hardware designs described in languages like Verilog hardware description language (HDL), but not for designs that may be described only in computer-ai...
Graham Seaman: "* Free Hardware Designrefers to a design which can be freely copied, distributed, modified, and manufactured. It does not imply that the design cannot also be sold, or that any hardware implementation of the design will be free of cost. All the same arguments about the meaning of 'freedom' between supporters of the Free Software Fou...
1. "Von Hippel observes that open-source hardware actually predates open-source software by centuries: people have always shared blueprints and sketches for such things as furniture and machinery. But the visibility of the open-source-software community "has created a new awareness of what has long been the historical practice in hardware," he says...
Summary on Why Open Hardware? By Patrick McNamara, Open Hardware Foundation, at http://www.osbr.ca/archive.php?issue=10§ion=Ar#A4: Lourens Veen who is on the board of directors for the Open Hardware Foundation or OHF summarized the answer to this question as follows: "Essentially, this is a problem of freedom. We users want to be free to use th...
Four Categories of Openness
Patrick McNamara, Open Hardware Foundation, at http://www.osbr.ca/archive.php?issue=10§ion=Ar#A4: "I believe hardware can be loosely placed into four categories of openness. They are, in order of least to most open: Closed, Open Interface, Open Design, and Open Implementation. Closed: Closed Hardwareis any hardware for which the creator of the hardware will not release information on how to make normal use of the hardware, in such a way that that information may be freely shared with othe...
Differences between open hardware, free hardware, open hardware design
By Graham Seaman, at http://opencollector.org/Whyfree/open_hardware.html "Many of the arguments over free hardware design consist of people from software and hardware backgrounds talking at cross-purposes. One cause of this is the simple fact that the word `software' refers both to source code and executables, while the words `hardware' and `hardware design' clearly refer to two different things. Using the word `hardware' as short-hand for both design and physical object is a recipe for confu...
Three-stage Roadmap for Implementation
Jamil Kathib: "The OpenHW road map can be divided into three main stages. If we can follow these stages we will have new industrial and technological revolution. Simple prototyping boards: A set of small generic prototyping boards can be designed to test small IP cores. The designers will use the available free tools which give lot of feedback to the EDA developers. Advanced boards and IP Cores: Designers will publish OpenHW cores and OpenSource software for the boards. The boards will be muc...
This directory of projects is maintained in our entry on Product Hacking 1. Arduino, an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. 2. Aurora Mixer, an open-source (hardware and software) usb powered multichannel mixer. 3. Bug Labs, a programmable hardware device, The Bug, run on open source so...
Problems and solutions of OpenHW
"There are many problems facing designers and prevent them from following the OpenHW methodology. Cost of EDA tools: individuals can not afford commercial EDA tools. This makes OpenSW developers start developing free EDA tools such as gEDA and Alliance which enables OpenHW designers to work at home. Cost of manufacture: HW manufacturing is relatively expensive, so OpenHW designers can use simulation or programmable logic devices to check their designs. Design protection: no one in the world l...
Pro: Graham Seaman
By Graham Seaman, at http://opencollector.org/Whyfree/open_hardware.html An important comment about the difficulty of developping it, as compared to open source: "At first blush, the open source model doesn't necessarily seem like a good fit for physical objects. The reason comes down to replication: with open source software, I can give you a copy of (for example) Firefox without losing my own. With open source hardware, at present the best I can give you a copy of the instructions as to how...
Pro
From http://w:ww.rowetel.com/blog/?p=14 "1. I think open software has been a good thing for the world, so I think open hardware is also good. 2. If closed IP makes a small amount of people a lot of money - does opening the IP make a moderate amount of money for a large amount of people?The latter seems a better outcome to me. It also suggests that open hardware benefits small companies more than large ones. 3. I think the specific benefit of open hardware is lower R&D costs. This is what is h...
From the Wikipedia article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_design "Open Design is a term that applies to the investigation and potential of open source and the collaborative nature of the internet to create physical objects. People apply their skills and time to projects for the common good, perhaps where funding or commercial interest is lack...
Articles
Trend review article by MIT's Technology Review at http://www.technologyreview.com/article/21495/ 1. Free Software and Free Hardware Designs, at http://opencollector.org/Whyfree/whyfree.html: Graham Seaman explains why hardware design should be as free as software code. 2. Free Hardware Design - Past, Present, Future, at http://opencollector.org/Whyfree/freedesign.html 3. Richard Stallman, on Free Hardware, at http://www.linuxtoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=1999-06-22-005-05-NW-LF 4. Business...
Associations
1. Open Design Foundation 2. Open Hardware Foundation
Reference Sites
1. Appropedia 2. Instructables 3. Open Circuits, a wiki for sharing open source electronics knowledge, schematics, board layouts, ports and parts libraries 4. Open Cores, a loose collection of people who are interested in developing hardware, with a similar ethos to the free software movement" 5. Open Sustainability Network and its Standarrdblog 6. TaskForge
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By combining this theoretical framework with Sullivan and Grant's interpersonal-maturity continuum, she created the concept of ego development. Loevinger then developed the Washington University Sentence Completion Test, the primary method of determining ego development on her scale."
2018年6月17日 · 1 Definition. 2 Topologies. 2.1 Point-to-point. 2.2 Bus. 2.3 Star. 2.4 Ring. 2.5 Mesh. 2.6 Tree. 3 More Information. Definition. From the Wikipedia [1] : "Network topology is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a network, especially the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between nodes.
Description. Sharon Prenderville et al.: "Redistributed manufacturing is an emerging concept which captures the anticipated reshoring and localisation of production from large scale mass manufacturing plants to smaller-scale localised, customisable production units, largely driven by new digital production technologies.
The idea of hierarchy is breaking down everywhere, from politics to religion to social relationships—why should leadership be any different? Mila Baker’s inspiration for a new way to lead is the peer-to-peer model of computing, which is also mirrored in social networking and crowdsource technologies.
To help in understanding open source business models, we appeal to a technology commercialization theory by David Teece. Teece's theory has several dimensions, and the dimension we wish to apply here is called Complementary Assets. In the development of his theory, Teece observed that it is very rare that a technological innovation (the primary ...
