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Human Scale Development is defined as "focused and based on the satisfaction of fundamental human needs, on the generation of growing levels of self-reliance, and on the construction of organic articulations of people with nature and technology, of global processes with local activity, of the personal with the social, of planning with autonomy, ...
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The fundamental dichotomy suggested here (intrinsic vs. extrinsic) posits that motivations can be distinguished as either arising within and through the individual as a self-regulated phenomenon or by imposition from external sources or structures without a sense of free adoption or adaptation by the subject persons. From Alexander Kjerulf athttp:/...
Another typology, of "Social Value Orientations Categories", from Wikipedia: "Social value orientations are based on the assumption that individuals pursue different goals when making decisions for which the outcomes affect others. Social psychologists generally distinguish between five types of social value orientations. The main difference betwee...
Why Extrinsic Motivation Doesn't Work
From Alfred Kohn: "If a reward — money, awards, praise, or winning a contest — comes to be seen as the reason one is engaging in an activity, that activity will be viewed as less enjoyable in its own right."(http://naggum.no/motivation.html) "extrinsic motivation has some serious drawbacks: 1. It’s not sustainable - As soon as you withdraw the punishment or reward, the motivation disappears. 2. You get diminishing returns - If the punishment or rewards stay at the same levels, motivation slow...
Factors that promote intrinsic motivation
"What enhances intrinsic motivation? This webpagecites some research and lists the factors that create and sustain intrinsic motivation. The list includes: 1. Challenge - Being able to challenge yourself and accomplish new tasks. 1. Control - Having choice over what you do. 1. Cooperation - Being able to work with and help others. 1. Recognition - Getting meaningful, positive recognition for your work. To these I would add: 1. Happiness at work - People who like their job and their workplace...
How to avoid the Crowding Out of intrinsic motivation by extrinsic rewards
From a study by Tobias Assman on Incentives for Participation athttps://courses.ischool.berkeley.edu/i296a-3/f06/wiki/index.php/Incentives_for_participation: "The effects of external interventions on intrinsic motivation have been attributed to two psychological processes: (a) Impaired self-determination. When individuals perceive an external intervention to reduce their self-determination, they substitute intrinsic motivation by extrinsic control. Following Rotter (1966), the locus of contro...
Alfie Kohn. Punished by Rewards. Info at http://www.alfiekohn.org/books.htm Daniel Pink. Drive. Info at http://www.danpink.com/books/drive
Really great TED talk about the topic by Daniel Pink: http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/618Lively RSA Animate, adapted from Dan Pink's talk at the RSA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJcPodcast about intrinsic motivation at http://positivesharing.com/2006/10/podcast-about-motivation/See our entry on the Crowding Outphenomenon.需要什么来推动该点对点模式的出现呢？ 首要的要求是技术基础结构的存在，该技术基础结构在点对点的模式上运行，并允许“对‘固定’资本进行分布式访问”。 个人计算机，一种能够执行任何逻辑任务的通用机器，是分布式“固定资本”的一种形式。 对于许多生产者来说，这在较低成本下就可以获得。 因特网，作为一种点对点的网络，就是为在终端（电脑用户）进行参与而设计的，而不必使用必需的网络集线器。 尽管它并没有完全在其参与者的控制之下，但是它通过分布式管理进行控制，并且在特定私人或政府参与者的完整权力之外。 其分级原理（如叠层式IP协议，分散式域名系统等等）不会阻止用户的参与。 可以自我复制的通信装置，或网络，是因特网的逻辑扩展。
Linux is a Free Software based operating system for computers. It uses Peer Production methods and can be considered a Virtual Network Organization . The material below especially looks at its Peer Governance structure. More similar cases via the entry on Open Source Software - Governance. Contents. 1 Definition. 2 History of Linux. 2.1 1.
