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对等生产（Peer Production）的政治经济学 作者：Michael Bauwens，[email protected], Political Economy of Peer Production Translator: Xiangjun KONG <[email protected]>, Sponsor: Jan Van den Bergh <[email protected]> for i-merge interactive brandbreeding Tel: +86 136 2179 9450 ...
- Introduction to The Commons and P2P Dynamics: The Basic Concepts
- Advantages, Opportunities and Challenges of Commoning in An Urban Context
- Potential Facilitating Actions
- Bibliography
- Appendix 1: Other City-Based Commons Experiences and Projects
- Appendix 2: Recent Policy Literature and Reports on Urban Commons
1.1 The commons and P2P dynamics
The commons are most often defined in the following way,according to three separate criteria: 1. The commons are a set of shared resources, which can be material (physical) or virtual (i.e. digital resources representing human knowledge and culture). This means that the commons are first and foremost also a social object, inherited as part of the web of life, or constructed specifically by human communities. 2. “There are no commons without commoning”: the commons are a form of governance by...
1.2 Cosmo-local production
The new dynamics of real urban commoning, which in a contemporary context involves the characteristic of being open collaborative systems, allow us to finally introduce an important concept, that of cosmo-local production. The two dominant models for urban and territorial development are presently the neoliberal model, which is banking on local specialization in the context of the free flow of goods (and people) at a global level, but which has serious issues in terms of sustainability. It ha...
2.1 The main advantages of urban commons
There are a number of advantages to recognizing the vital role of the commons and commoning in the context of urban development and city-making. The first is that mutualization can play an important role in reducing the human footprint. For example, common transport, like public transport but also other forms of shared transport, such as associative and cooperative car-sharing arrangements, can substantially diminish the matter/energy footprint of human societies. One recent study of associat...
2.2 The commons as a challenge for the market
Just like older forms of mutualisation, the new commons have their roots in civil society, however this new layer of citizens’ initiatives presents itself explicitly as such. These new types of citizen-activists reject both an evolution towards the semi-public domain (i.e. cooptation by the state), as well as towards market organisations (appropriation by extractive market forces), but also the exclusive professionalisation of the old civil society. The new urban commons are much more charact...
2.3 The commons as a governmental challenge
For the government, and the political world that directs the government within a democratic system, the commons also represent an additional challenge since they constitute a new claim with regard to the exercise of power (ie. a normative claim to a resource and how it is governed; Foster & Iaione 2016). When a group of citizens claims or establishes a commons, with or without government permission or oversight, this is a claim that questions the traditional forms of representative democracy....
4.1 What can public authorities do to support commoning
It cannot be said that the commons are re-emerging in a supportive environment. On the contrary. First of all, after the UK Enclosure Acts, the anti-commons regulations of the “bourgeois revolutions”, and especially after the Napoleonic legal reforms in continental Europe, the commons disappeared from civic consciousness, (except for the mutualization of life risk undertaken by the labor movement in the 19th cy.) and were often seen by the social elites as an unproductive remainder of a feuda...
4.2 Promoting a Generative Economy
Already in 2011, based on figures from 2009, a U.S. report calculated that the ‘Fair Use’economy,i.e. that part of the economy that relies on shared knowledge instead of private copyright, represented one sixth of the American economy and had better withstood the negative effects of the meltdown of 2008. These calculations did not include the very strong growth of what is now called the ‘sharing economy’, nor the tenfold growth of the number of urban commons. This confirms that attention to t...
4.3 Promoting a commons-productive civil society
This last section is written with the commoners themselves in mind. What kind of strategies and tactics could commons-centric citizens envisage, to promote a thriving set of common resources? The authors believe that the ‘commoner’ is indeed a potential new political subject. A commoner is any citizen and inhabitant of a region or city that participates in the creation and maintenance of commons in the local area. A commoner is not merely a citizen who is interested in the political life of t...
Schönpflug, K. and Klapeer, C. M. (2017) Towards a posthumanist economics: The end of self-possession and the disappearing of homo oeconomicus. In: Westra, Richard; Albritton, Robert and Jeong, Seo...Metzger, J. (2015) Expanding the subject of planning: Enacting the relational complexities of more-than-human urban common(er)s. In: Kirwan, S, Dawney, L, Brigstocke, J (eds) Space, Power and the C...Bollier, D. (2011). The commons, short and sweet. At: http://www.bollier.org/commons-short-and-sweet(accessed 28 September 2020).Foster, S. R., and Iaione, C. (2016) The city as a commons. Yale Law Policy Rev. 34:281. Fox, M. S. (2017/2013).Barcelona
After the major social mobilizations of 2011 and the election of a commons-oriented coalition, the city of Barcelona has created new urban institutions to support the development of a commons-orientated economy. This entails the collaboration with a knowledge coalition of experts with a focus on the commons (BarCola29), new communication platforms (Procomuns) as well as experiments with in-depth forms of citizen participation (Decidim.barcelona). The city has created an open source Municipal...
Lille
The Assemblée des Communs in Lille has been active since 2015, and actively gives a voice to the social philosophy of the city as a commons. It is similar in many ways to Procumuns.net in Barcelona, but has a much more permanent operation and more in-depth proposals for institutional adaptation. This example gives us insight into possible autonomous institutions that are supported by civil society and commons-orientated citizen initiatives. Source: https://wiki.lescommuns.org/wiki/48h_de_la_c...
Frome and Saillans
The British town of Frome, as well as Saillans in France, are examples of more radical political experiences, as citizens’ initiatives have created political coalitions (Independents for Frome31) that have almost entirely replaced traditional political parties. The Frome model is called ‘Flatpack Democracy’, based on the ideas of Peter Macfadyen.Saillans, http://www.mairiedesaillans26.fr/gouvernance-collegiale-et-participative/Frome, Flatpack Democracy Civic Politics Revolution in Frome(Bauwe...
From the P2P Foundation and its collaborators
1. Bauwens, M. & Niaros, V. (2017) Changing Societies through Urban Commons Transitions https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/changing_societies_through_urban_commons_transitions.pdf Examines the re-emergence of the urban commons from bottom-up emergence by commoners to radical municipal administrative configurations. 2. Bauwens, M.l & Onzia, Y. (2017) Commons Transition Plan for the City of Ghent http://base.socioeco.org/docs/commons_transition_plan_-_under_revision.pdf Serves as a genera...
Other useful resources
1. Generative Commons (https://generative-commons.eu/) Report: European Policy Brief: Generative European Commons Living Lab – gE.CO Living Lab, https://generative-commons.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/policy-brief_last-version-post-round-table.pdf This recent report, published by the gE.CO Living Lab project, serves as an overview of key case studies and commons transition policies in Europe, teasing out core elements needed in furthering this agenda. 2. Commons Network The commons brochure...
And as Brown (2010, p. 120) remarks: 'the alienation of labor caused by an economics of property has repeated itself with a vengeance in our relationship with the living planet'. However, in the second wave of enclosure, taking place nowadays, there is a robust counter-power: the distributed movement of the Commons with a local and global orientation.
The emergence of the Anthropocene changes something vital about our understanding of the ‘pulsation of the commons’, i.e. the cyclic patterns of degradative and regenerative moments in human history. Before the Anthropocene, the cyclical pattern applied to particular territories and regions.
The original ATCA -- Asymmetric Threats Contingency Alliance -- is a philanthropic expert initiative founded in 2001 to resolve complex global challenges through collective Socratic dialogue and joint executive action to build a wisdom based global economy. Adhering to the doctrine of non-violence, ATCA addresses asymmetric threats and social ...
Definition. 1. Open data is data that can be freely used, shared and built-on by anyone, anywhere, for any purpose. [2] 2. OpenDefinition.org: “Open data is data that can be freely used, reused and redistributed by anyone – subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and sharealike.”. - [3]
Google began helping researchers exchange datasets up to 120 terabytes in size, too large for ordinary online uploads and downloads. At no charge to the researchers, it will ship a brick-sized box of hard drives from one research team to another, provided that the data have no copyright or licensing restrictions and the bricks stop first at Google headquarters for copying and offline storage.
