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Petroleum, also known as crude oil or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, [1] and is found in geological formations. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that consist of refined crude oil. Petroleum is primarily recovered by oil ...
- 83 to 85%
- 0.1 to 2%
- 10 to 14%
- 0.05 to 1.5%
Approximately 72% of world oil production came from the top ten countries, and an overlapping 35% came from the twelve current OPEC members. Members of OPEC+, which includes current OPEC members produce about 60% of the world's petroleum. In recent history, the top three producers have been the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia.
Deepwater Horizon was a 10-year-old semi-submersible, mobile, floating, dynamically positioned drilling rig that could operate in waters up to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) deep. Built by South Korean company Hyundai Heavy Industries and owned by Transocean, the rig operated under the Marshallese flag of convenience, and was chartered to BP from March 2008 to September 2013.
according to International Monetary Fund estimates [n 1] [1] Countries by nominal GDP in 2019 [n 2] > $20 trillion. $10–20 trillion. $5–10 trillion. $1–5 trillion. $750 billion – $1 trillion. $500–750 billion. $250–500 billion.
- Spill
- Clean-Up and Major Effects
- Litigation and Cleanup Costs
- Political Consequences and Reforms
- Economic and Native Impact
- Reactions
- See Also
- Further Reading
- External Links
Exxon Valdez was carrying 53.1 million US gallons (1,260,000 bbl; 201,000 m3) of oil, of which approximately 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m3) were spilled into the Prince William Sound. The ship docked at the Valdez Marine Terminal at 11:30 p.m. on March 22, 1989. Loading of crude oil was completed late in the day on the 23rd. The t...
Chemical dispersant, a surfactant and solventmixture, was applied to the slick by a private company on March 24 with a helicopter, but the helicopter missed the target area. Scientific data on its toxicity were either thin or incomplete. In addition, public acceptance of new, widespread chemical treatment was lacking. Landowners, fishing groups, an...
In October 1989, Exxon filed a suit against the State of Alaska, claiming that the state had interfered with Exxon's attempts to clean up the spill by refusing to approve the use of dispersant chemicals until the night of the 26th. The State of Alaska disputed this claim, stating that there was a long-standing agreement to allow the use of dispersa...
Coast Guard report
A 1989 report by the Coast Guard's U.S. National Response Center summarized the event and made many recommendations, including that neither Exxon, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, the State of Alaska, nor the federal government were prepared for a spill of this magnitude.
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
In response to the spill, the United States Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA). The legislation included a clause that prohibits any vessel that, after March 22, 1989, has caused an oil spill of more than 1 million US gallons (3,800 m3) in any marine area, from operating in Prince William Sound. In April 1998, the company argued in a legal action against the federal government that the ship should be allowed back into Alaskan waters. Exxon claimed OPA was effectively a bill o...
Alaska regulations
In the aftermath of the spill, Alaska governor Steve Cowper issued an executive order requiring two tugboats to escort every loaded tanker from Valdez out through Prince William Sound to Hinchinbrook Entrance. As the plan evolved in the 1990s, one of the two routine tugboats was replaced with a 210-foot (64 m) Escort Response Vehicle (ERV). Tankers at Valdez are no longer single-hulled. Congress enacted legislation requiring all tankers to be double-hulledas of 2015.
In 1991, following the collapse of populations of local marine species (particularly clams, herring, and seals), the Chugach Alaska Corporation, an Alaska Native Corporation, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. It has since recovered. According to several studies funded by the state of Alaska, the spill had both short-term and long-term eco...
In 1992, Exxon released a video titled Scientists and the Alaska Oil Spillfor distribution to schools. Critics said the video misrepresented the clean-up process. In December 1994, the Unabomber assassinated Burson-Marsteller executive Thomas J. Mosser, accusing him of having "helped Exxon clean up its public image after the Exxon Valdezincident".
Deepwater Horizonoil spillDead Ahead: The Exxon Valdez Disaster, 1992 HBOmovieLee, Douglas B. (August 1989). "Tragedy in Alaska Waters". National Geographic. Vol. 176, no. 2. pp. 260–263. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Archived April 22, 2015, at the Wayback MachineExxonMobil updates and news on ValdezSingapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia.It is located about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south along with the Riau Islands in Indonesia, the South China Sea to ...
Curaçao (/ ˈ k j ʊər ə s oʊ,-s aʊ, ˌ k j ʊər ə ˈ s oʊ,-ˈ s aʊ / KURE-ə-soh, KURE-ə-sow, kure-ə-SOH, or kure-ə-SOW, Dutch: [kyːraːˈsʌu] or, Papiamentu: [ˈkɔrsɔu ]), officially the Country of Curaçao (Dutch: Land Curaçao; Papiamentu: Pais Kòrsou), is a Lesser Antilles island in the southern Caribbean Sea and Dutch Caribbean region, about 65 km (40 mi) north of Venezuela.
