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Contextual Citation Liz Barry: "Thanks to the rise of the Internet, many people around the world are today sending many signals to many other people and/or governments with many tools, most of which were never designed for diverse constituencies to ...
More detailed and longer bio / cv at: http://p2pfoundation.net/Michel_Bauwens/Full_Bio Bio As of 2007, Michel Bauwens is the founder of the Foundation for Peer-to ...
ATU develops 130 gongbans annually in areas ranging from smart phones, tablets, smart watches, smart homes, and industrial controls—and distributes the designs for free. WPI then makes money by trading in the boards’ components. "We call this shanzhai in Shenzhen. It’s a mass production artwork,” explains Lawrence Lin head of the ...
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Garrett Hardin, in a classic and often quoted essay, had argued that the Commons inevitably leads to the abuse of common resources. The author himself "has criticized misinterpretations of his work with the lament that "The title of my 1968 paper should have been The Tragedy of the Unmanaged Commons.(cited here ) Please also read this Refutation of...
"The tragedy of the commons is a type of social trap that involves a conflict over resources between individual interests and the common good. The term derives originally from a parable published by William Forster Lloyd in his 1833 book on population. It was then popularized and extended by Garrett Hardin in his 1968 Science essay "The Tragedy of ...
Maebh O’Gorman: "The ‘tragedy of the commons’ refers to the situation when individuals, acting rationally intheir own self‐interest, nonetheless act irrationally as a collective group by irreparablydepleting a resource that is owned in common. The current climate change crisis is anexample of ‘the tragedy’ on a global scale. In the same way that a ...
1. "Hardin explains his “Tragedy of the Commons in the following way. “Picture a pasture open to all. It is to be expected that each herdsman will try to keep as many cattle as possible on the commons. “As a rational being, each herdsman seeks to maximize his gain. The rational herdsman concludes that the only sensible course for him to pursue is t...
See also the in-depth discussion in The Tragedy of the “Tragedy of the Commons”. By Achim Lerch.(was at www.boell.org/downloads/Lerch_Tragedy.pdf - gone away 2017)
The mainstream 'Leviathan' approach proposed by Ophuls
Maebh O'Gorman: "The mainstream approach to tackling ‘tragedy of the commons’ issues relies upon controland coercion by a centralised institution. This Leviathan model is favoured by scholars, suchas Ophuls, who believe that the participants are incapable of solving the problemthemselves. This however is disputed by Ostrom who argues that that approach assumesaccuracy of information while ignoring the costs of its administration.8 Ostrom’s polycentricapproach advocates enabling the users of t...
Ugo Mattei: "Tragedy of the Commons: Two World Views in Conflict Competition v. Cooperation "As Adam Smith put it, “We are not ready to suspect any person of being defective in selfishness.” To put is quite simply, this is the central assumption underpinning Hardin’s analysis. Only the crude application of the model of homo oeconomicus , an individual maximizer of short-time utility, explains the results (and academic success) of the so-called “tragedy of the commons.” In fact, the well known...
Original article at https://science.sciencemag.org/content/162/3859/1243.fullEssay by Elinor Ostrom: Coping with Tragedies of the CommonsRefutation of the Tragedy of the Commons; The Non-Tragedy of the Commons2017年10月11日 · Launched in November 2012, The TEEB for Business Coalition is a global, multi stakeholder platform formed to develop and support the uptake of natural capital accounting in business decision-making.
Discussion Why it is not a problem for online content creation projects Timothy B. Lee: "The idea of "free riding" is based on a couple of key 20th-century assumptions that just don't apply to the online world. The first assumption is that the production of content is a ...
2016年11月30日 · Description. 1. From the Wikipedia: "Libertarian municipalism is a political program developed by libertarian socialist theorist Murray Bookchin, to create democratic citizens' assemblies in towns and urban neighborhoods. The assemblies in these free municipalities join together to replace the state with a directly democratic confederation.
