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Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. [7] [11] The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980, [10] making smallpox the only human disease ...
- 1 to 3 weeks following exposure
- Brincidofovir
- variola major virus, variola minor virus (spread between people)
- Supportive care
Omicron (B.1.1.529) is a variant of SARS-CoV-2 first reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) by the Network for Genomics Surveillance in South Africa on 24 November 2021.[10][11] It was first detected in Botswana and has spread to become the predominant variant in circulation around the world.[12] Following the original B.1.1.529 ...
- 24 November 2021; 21 months ago
- Omicron
- B.1.1.529
- South Africa
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. [1] . Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. [2] [3] Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity.
- Virus
- History
- Genetics
- Subtypes
- Transmission
- H5N1
- H7N9
- Domestic Animals
- Global Impact
- Prevention
- Sources
The type of influenza known informally as avian or bird flu is caused by viruses adapted to birds. The most widely quoted date for the beginning of recorded history of avian influenza (initially known as fowl plague) was in 1878 when it was differentiated from other diseases that caused high mortality rates in birds. Fowl plague or Avian Flu also i...
Genetic factors in distinguishing between "human fluviruses" and "avian flu viruses" include: PB2 (RNA polymerase) 1. Amino acid (or residue) position 627 in the PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNA gene. Until H5N1, all known avian influenza viruses had a Glu at position 627, while all human influenza viruses had a Lys. HA (hemagglutinin) 1. Avian i...
Out of the three types of influenza viruses (A, B, and C), influenza A virus can cause zoonotic infections, with a natural reservoir almost entirely in birds. There are many subtypes of avian influenza viruses, but only some strains of five subtypes have been known to infect humans: H5N1, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, and H9N2. At least one person, an elderly ...
Avian influenza is most often spread by contact between infected and healthy birds, though can also be spread indirectly through contaminated equipment. The virus is found in secretions from the nostrils, mouth, and eyes of infected birds as well as their droppings. HPAI infection is spread to people often through direct contact with infected poult...
The highly pathogenic influenza A virus subtype H5N1 is an emerging avian influenza virus that is causing global concern as a potential pandemicthreat. It is often referred to simply as "bird flu" or "avian influenza", even though it is only one of many subtypes. H5N1 has killed millions of poultry in a growing number of countries throughout Asia, ...
Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 is a novel avian influenza virus first reported to have infected humans in 2013 in China. Most of the reported cases of human infection have resulted in severe respiratory illness. In the month following the report of the first case, more than 100 people had been infected, an unusually high rate for a new infection; a...
Several domestic species have been infected with and shown symptoms of H5N1 viral infection, including cats, dogs, ferrets, pigs, and birds.
In 2005, the formation of the International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza was announced in order to elevate the importance of avian flu, coordinate efforts, and improve disease reporting and surveillance in order to better respond to future pandemics. New networks of laboratories have emerged to detect and respond to avian flu, such a...
People who do not regularly come into contact with birds are not at high risk for contracting avian influenza. Those at high risk include poultry farm workers, animal control workers, wildlife biologists, and ornithologists who handle live birds.Organizations with high-risk workers should have an avian influenza response plan in place before any ca...
Orent, Wendy (2006) The Science of Avian Flu, Answers to Nine Frequently Asked Questions(Discover Magazine. Health & Medicine. February 20, 2006. 59–61)Haugan, Salomon (2012) Avian Influenza: Etiology, Pathogenesis and Interventions (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) ISBN 978-1607418467Riley M. Seeger, Amy D. Hagerman, Kamina K. Johnson, Dustin L. Pendell, Thomas L. Marsh (2021)When poultry take a sick leave: Response costs for the 2014–2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza epid...Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease ( EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever ( EHF ), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. [1] . Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. [3] . The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. [1] .
- Ebolaviruses spread by direct contact
- Supportive care
- Atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab (Inmazeb)
Human papillomavirus infection ( HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. [5] . Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years. [1] . In some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions. [2] .
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by dengue virus. It is frequently asymptomatic; if symptoms appear they typically begin 3 to 14 days after infection. These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin itching and skin rash. Recovery generally takes two to seven days.
