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Lidar (/ˈlaɪdɑːr/, also LIDAR, LiDAR or LADAR, an acronym of "light detection and ranging"[1] or "laser imaging, detection, and ranging"[2]) is a method for determining ranges by targeting an object or a surface with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the receiver. Lidar may operate in a fixed direction (e ...
Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu (from Latin cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a ...
- History
- Design
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- Variants
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During the Cold War, in 1983, the Swedish Army required vehicles with high mobility, air defence and anti-tank capability, high survivability and protection. In 1985, the "stridsfordon 90" project group, made up of representatives from the Swedish Armed Forces (Försvarsmakten), the FMV and Swedish industry (including Hägglunds and Bofors), finalize...
Varying customer requirements have led to multiple CV90 variants with major differences in survivability and electronic architecture. Increased protection has led to higher curb weight; the vehicle's combat weight has risen from 23 to 35 tonnes. With increasingly powerful diesel engines, the power-to-weight ratio has remained approximately the same...
Production of the CV90 began in 1993, and as of 2014 over 1,200 vehicles had been ordered. In November 2000, Finland ordered 57 CV9030 vehicles. Total cost was €250 million (2008 value), or €4.42 million per vehicle. In June 2004, Finland made another purchase, bringing the overall quantity ordered to 102. This time, the cost was €2.92 million (200...
Domestic
The following versions were developed by Hägglund/Bofors in cooperation with FOA and FMV for Försvarsmakten as part of the stridsfordon 90 (strf 90)-family. Sweden originally planned for a mix of CV9040 and CV9025, tests of the 25 mm turret being carried out on an Ikv 91chassis, but finally decided on the 40 mm version, due to the much higher versatility of the larger calibre. 1. Stridsfordon (strf) 9040 (SB1A3): The original model carries eight soldiers and is equipped with a 40 mm Bofors au...
Export versions
The export versions of CV90 is delivered with the combat proven BAE Systems Hägglunds E-series turrets with armament ranging from 30 to 120 mm. The vast majority of the 600 turrets delivered are fitted with 30 mm or 35 mm guns.
2004: Strf 9040C in Liberia
First use was by the Swedish UN forces in Liberia 2004, where 13 strf 9040C were deployed.
2007: CV9030N in Afghanistan
Since production began in 1993, the CV90 had remained untested in combat until November 2007, when Norwegian Army CV90s from the 2nd Battalion saw heavy combat during Operation Harekate Yolo in Afghanistan. During the first week of November, Norwegian ISAF forces from the 2nd Battalion and Kystjegerkommandoen based in Mazar-e-Sharif, responded to a Taliban attack on Afghan National Army forces in the Ghowrmachdistrict. Having been heavily outnumbered by the Taliban forces, the Norwegians used...
2010: CV9035DK in Afghanistan
In February 2010, Denmark sent ten CV9035DKs to Afghanistan in order to bolster their contingent in Helmand Province. The Danish contingent had suffered numerous casualties since they began operations in the province in the autumn of 2006. The vehicles are from the Danish Royal Lifeguard Regiment, based in the Northern part of Seeland. They are working alongside MOWAG Piranha IIIC, MOWAG Eagle IV, M113 G3DK and Leopard 2A5DK vehicles, all contributed by Denmark, in the Helmand Province. By Ap...
Current operators
1. Denmark: 45 CV9035DKs.10 have been upgraded to international operations. In March 2024, a contract for a MLU /middle life upgrade) was signed by the Defence Acquisition and Logistics Organisation of the Army. 2. Estonia: 44 CV9035NLs purchased from the Netherlands in December 2014, and now referred to as CV9035EE. The first delivery took place in 2016. That same year, Estonia struck a deal with Norway to purchase an additional 37 surplus Mk I hulls to be rebuilt as support vehicles by the...
Future operators and orders
1. Czech Republic: On 24 May 2023 BAE Systems Hägglunds and the Czech military signed a contract worth $2.2 billion for the acquisition of 246 CV90 Mk IV infantry fighting vehicles in seven different variants. Negotiations for the new infantry fighting vehicles had been coordinated with Slovakia, which had also recently selected the CV90 Mk IV. 2. Slovakia: The Slovak military and BAE Systems Hägglunds signed a contract worth €1.3 billion for the acquisition of 152 CV90 Mk IV on 12 December 2...
Potential operators and orders
1. Brazil: During the summer of 2023 BAE Systems showcased the CV90 to the Brazilian army. As part of its VBC Fuz programme the Brazilian army is looking at procuring 78 tracked infantry fighting vehicles. 2. Romania: Romania has a budget of $3.3 billion for 298 infantry fighting vehicles. According to local observers and public information, the potential candidates are the CV90, the ASCOD 2, the Hanwha Redback, and the Rheinmetall KF-41 Lynx. The award procedure is ongoing, a winner will be...
Ballroom dance music: pasodoble, cha cha cha and others. Vogue (dance) Children's music. Dance music. Slow dance. Drug use in music. Incidental music or music for stage and screen: music written for the score of a film, play, musicals, or other spheres, such as filmi, video game music, music hall songs and showtunes and others.
Full-size SUV. Layout. Front-engine, four-wheel-drive. The Toyota Land Cruiser ( Japanese: トヨタ・ランドクルーザー, Hepburn: Toyota Rando-Kurūzā) (also sometimes spelled as LandCruiser) [1] is a series of four-wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota. It is Toyota's longest running series of ...
Chi-squared distribution, showing χ2 on the x -axis and p -value (right tail probability) on the y -axis. A chi-squared test (also chi-square or χ2 test) is a statistical hypothesis test used in the analysis of contingency tables when the sample sizes are large. In simpler terms, this test is primarily used to examine whether two categorical ...
Apollo Apollo Lunar Module-5 Eagle as seen from CSM-107 Columbia A lunar lander or Moon lander is a spacecraft designed to land on the surface of the Moon.As of 2024, the Apollo Lunar Module is the only lunar lander to have ever been used in human spaceflight, completing six lunar landings from 1969 to 1972 during the United States' Apollo Program.
