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It was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago, is a terrestrial planet and is the second smallest of the Solar System 's planets with a diameter of 6,779 km (4,212 mi). A Martian solar day ( sol) is 24.5 hours and a Martian solar year is 1.88 Earth years (687 Earth days). Mars has two small and irregular natural satellites: Phobos and Deimos.
What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Statistical subregions as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division This is a list of countries and other inhabited territories of the world by total population, based on estimates published by the United Nations in the 2022 revision of World ...
Wireless network technologies. In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth-generation technology standard for cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the successor to 4G technology that provides connectivity to most current mobile phones. Like its predecessors, 5G networks are cellular networks, in ...
The Home Depot, Inc. The Home Depot, Inc., often simply referred to as Home Depot, is an American multinational home improvement retail corporation that sells tools, construction products, appliances, and services, including fuel and transportation rentals. Home Depot is the largest home improvement retailer in the United States. [3]
- Fuel Resources
- Fuel Efficiency and Types of Nuclear Waste
- Conversion Ratio, Break-Even, Breeding Ratio, Doubling Time, and Burnup
- Types of Breeder Reactor
- Reprocessing
- Waste Reduction
- Breeder Reactor Concepts
- Discussion
- Development and Notable Breeder Reactors
- Future Plants
Breeder reactors could, in principle, extract almost all of the energy contained in uranium or thorium, decreasing fuel requirements by a factor of 100 compared to widely used once-through light water reactors, which extract less than 1% of the energy in the uranium mined from the earth. The high fuel-efficiency of breeder reactors could greatly re...
Nuclear waste became a greater concern by the 1990s. In broad terms, spent nuclear fuel has three main components. The first consists of fission products, the leftover fragments of fuel atoms after they have been split to release energy. Fission products come in dozens of elements and hundreds of isotopes, all of them lighter than uranium. The seco...
One measure of a reactor's performance is the "conversion ratio", defined as the ratio of new fissile atoms produced to fissile atoms consumed. All proposed nuclear reactors except specially designed and operated actinide burners experience some degree of conversion. As long as there is any amount of a fertile material within the neutron fluxof the...
Many types of breeder reactor are possible: A "breeder" is simply a reactor designed for very high neutron economy with an associated conversion rate higher than 1.0. In principle, almost any reactor design could be tweaked to become a breeder. For example, the Light Water Reactor, a very heavily moderated thermal design, evolved into the Super Fas...
Fission of the nuclear fuel in any reactor unavoidably produces neutron-absorbing fission products. One must reprocess the fertile material from a breeder reactor to remove those neutron poisons. This step is required to fully utilize the ability to breed as much or more fuel than is consumed. All reprocessing can present a proliferation concern, s...
Nuclear waste became a greater concern by the 1990s. Breeding fuel cycles attracted renewed interest because of their potential to reduce actinide wastes, particularly various isotopes of plutonium and the minor actinides (neptunium, americium, curium, etc). Since breeder reactors on a closed fuel cycle would use nearly all of the isotopes of these...
There are several concepts for breeder reactors; the two main ones are: 1. Reactors with a fast neutron spectrumare called fast breeder reactors (FBR's) – these typically utilize uranium-238 as fuel. 2. Reactors with a thermal neutron spectrumare called thermal breeder reactors – these typically utilize thorium-232 as fuel.
Like many aspects of nuclear power, fast breeder reactors have been subject to much controversy over the years. In 2010 the International Panel on Fissile Materials said "After six decades and the expenditure of the equivalent of tens of billions of dollars, the promise of breeder reactors remains largely unfulfilled and efforts to commercialize th...
The Soviet Union(comprising Russia and other countries, dissolved in 1991) constructed a series of fast reactors, the first being mercury-cooled and fueled with plutonium metal, and the later plants sodium-cooled and fueled with plutonium oxide. BR-1 (1955) was 100W (thermal) was followed by BR-2 at 100 kW and then the 5 MW BR-5. BOR-60(first criti...
India has been trying to develop fast breeder reactors for decades but suffered repeated delays. In 2012 an FBR called the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor was due to be completed and commissioned. The program is intended to use fertile thorium-232 to breed fissile uranium-233. India is also pursuing thorium thermal breeder reactor technology. India'...
Fast X. Fast X (also known as Fast & Furious 10) is a 2023 American action film directed by Louis Leterrier from a screenplay written by Dan Mazeau and Justin Lin, both of whom also co-wrote the story with Zach Dean. It is the sequel to F9 (2021), the tenth main installment, and the eleventh installment overall in the Fast & Furious franchise.
Monte Carlo method. The approximation of a normal distribution with a Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo methods, or Monte Carlo experiments, are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. The underlying concept is to use randomness to solve problems that might be deterministic in ...
