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Cardiovascular disease ( CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels. [3] CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: coronary artery diseases (e.g. angina, heart attack ), heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease ...
- 17.9 million / 32% (2015)
A myocardial infarction ( MI ), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops in one of the coronary arteries of the heart, causing infarction (tissue death) to the heart muscle. [1] . The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw. [1] .
- Usually coronary artery disease
Capillaries join the arteries and veins. The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate. [1] [2] It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek kardia ...
- History
- Strengths & Weaknesses
- Framingham Risk Score
- Major Findings
- Study Design
- Genetic Research
- Similar Studies
- Further Reading
In 1948, the study was commissioned by the United States Congress, with a choice made between Framingham, Massachusetts, and Paintsville, Kentucky. Framingham was chosen when residents showed more general interest in heart research than Paintsville. Thomas Royle Dawber was director of the study from 1949 to 1966. He was appointed as chief epidemiol...
Over 3,000 peer-reviewed scientific papers have been published related to the Framingham Heart Study. It is generally accepted that the work is outstanding in its scope and duration, and overall is considered very useful.[citation needed] It was rightly assumed from the start of the Framingham Heart Study that cardiac health can be influenced by li...
The 10-year cardiovascular risk of an individual can be estimated with the Framingham Risk Score, including for individuals without known cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Risk Score is based on findings of the Framingham Heart Study.[citation needed]
Major findings from the Framingham Heart Study, according to the researchers themselves: 1960s 1. Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of heart disease. Increased cholesterol and elevated blood pressure is associated with increased risk of heart disease. Exercise is associated with decreased risk of heart disease, and obesity with in...
The Framingham Heart Study participants, and their children and grandchildren, voluntarily consented to undergo a detailed medical history, physical examination, and medical tests every three to five years, creating a wealth of data about physical and mental health, especially about cardiovascular disease. A nonprofit charity, called Friends of the...
In recent years, scientists have been carrying out genetic research within the Framingham Heart Study. Inheritance patterns in families, heritability and genetic correlations, molecular markers, and associations have been studied. The association studies include traditional genetic association studies, i.e., looking for associations of cardiovascul...
The Busselton Health Study has been carried out since 1966 in a high proportion of the residents of Busselton, a town in Western Australia, over a period of many years. A database has been compiled...The Caerphilly Heart Disease Study, also known as the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS), is an epidemiological prospective cohort, set up in 1979 in a representative population sample drawn from...The China–Cornell–Oxford Project, also known as the "China–Oxford–Cornell Study on dietary, lifestyle and disease mortality characteristics in 65 rural Chinese counties". This study was later refer...The Strong Heart Study is an ongoing cohort study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among American Indian men and women. The original cohort began in 1984 with 4,549 participants ages...Giroux Élodie (2012). "The Framingham Study and the Constitution of a Restrictive Concept of Risk Factor". Social History of Medicine. 26 (1): 94–112. doi:10.1093/shm/hks051.
Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47,XXY, is a chromosome anomaly where a male has an extra X chromosome. As the presence of a Y chromosome denotes male sex, people with Klinefelter syndrome are genetically male.[4] These complications commonly include infertility and small, poorly functioning testicles (if present). These symptoms are ...
- Two or more X chromosomes in males
Visna-maedi virus. The human immunodeficiency viruses ( HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), [1] [2] a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. [3]
YouTube is an American online video sharing platform owned by Google. Accessible worldwide, [note 1] it was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim, three former employees of PayPal. Headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States, it is the second most visited website in the world, after Google Search.
