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The world's busiest airports by passenger traffic are measured by total passengers provided by the Airports Council International, defined as passengers enplaned plus passengers deplaned plus direct-transit passengers. The world's busiest airport is Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, which has ...
Chicago O'Hare International Airport. / 41.97861°N 87.90472°W / 41.97861; -87.90472. Chicago O'Hare International Airport ( IATA: ORD, ICAO: KORD, FAA LID: ORD) is a major international airport serving Chicago, Illinois, located on the city's Northwest Side, approximately 17 miles (27 km) northwest of the Loop business district.
- History
- Applications
- Architecture
- Data Transmission
- ID Allocation
- Bit Timing
- Layers
- Frames
- Ack Slot
- Interframe Spacing
Development of the CAN bus started in 1983 at Robert Bosch GmbH. The protocol was officially released in 1986 at the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) conference in Detroit, Michigan. The first CAN controller chips were introduced by Intel in 1987, and shortly thereafter by Philips. Released in 1991, the Mercedes-Benz W140was the first producti...
Passenger vehicles, trucks, buses (combustion vehicles and electric vehicles)Agricultural equipmentElectronic equipment for aviation and navigationElectric generatorsPhysical organization
CAN is a multi-master serial bus standard for connecting electronic control units (ECUs) also known as nodes (automotive electronics is a major application domain). Two or more nodes are required on the CAN bus to communicate. A node may interface to devices from simple digital logic e.g. PLD, via FPGAup to an embedded computer running extensive software. Such a computer may also be a gateway allowing a general-purpose computer (like a laptop) to communicate over a USB or Ethernet port to the...
Electrical properties
With both high-speed and low-speed CAN, the speed of the transition is faster when a recessive-to-dominant transition occurs since the CAN wires are being actively driven. The speed of the dominant-to-recessive transition depends primarily on the length of the CAN network and the capacitance of the wire used. High-speed CAN is usually used in automotive and industrial applications where the bus runs from one end of the environment to the other. Fault-tolerant CAN is often used where groups of...
Nodes
Each node requires a 1. Central processing unit, microprocessor, or host processor 1.1. The host processor decides what the received messages mean and what messages it wants to transmit. 1.2. Sensors, actuators and control devices can be connected to the host processor. 2. CAN controller- often an integral part of the microcontroller 2.1. Receiving: the CAN controller stores the received serial bits from the bus until an entire message is available, which can then be fetched by the host proce...
CAN data transmission uses a lossless bitwise arbitration method of contention resolution. This arbitration method requires all nodes on the CAN network to be synchronized to sample every bit on the CAN network at the same time. This is why some call CAN synchronous. Unfortunately the term synchronous is imprecise since the data is transmitted in a...
Message IDs must be uniqueon a single CAN bus, otherwise two nodes would continue transmission beyond the end of the arbitration field (ID) causing an error. In the early 1990s, the choice of IDs for messages was done simply on the basis of identifying the type of data and the sending node; however, as the ID is also used as the message priority, t...
All nodes on the CAN network must operate at the same nominal bit rate, but noise, phase shifts, oscillator tolerance and oscillator drift mean that the actual bit rate might not be the nominal bit rate.Since a separate clock signal is not used, a means of synchronizing the nodes is necessary. Synchronization is important during arbitration since t...
The CAN protocol, like many networking protocols, can be decomposed into the following abstraction layers: Application layer 1. Application-specific logic Object layer 1. Message filtering (mailboxes) 2. Message and status handling Transfer layer Most of the CAN standard applies to the transfer layer. The transfer layer receives messages from the p...
A CAN network can be configured to work with two different message (or frame) formats: the standard or base frame format (described in CAN 2.0 A and CAN 2.0 B), and the extended frame format (described only by CAN 2.0 B). The only difference between the two formats is that the CAN base frame supports a length of 11 bits for the identifier, and the ...
The acknowledge slot is used to acknowledge the receipt of a valid CAN frame. Each node that receives the frame, without finding an error, transmits a dominant level in the ACK slot and thus overrides the recessive level of the transmitter. If a transmitter detects a recessive level in the ACK slot, it knows that no receiver found a valid frame. A ...
Data frames and remote frames are separated from preceding frames by a bit field called interframe space. Interframe space consists of at least three consecutive recessive (1) bits. Following that, if a dominant bit is detected, it will be regarded as the Start of framebit of the next frame. Overload frames and error frames are not preceded by an i...
Heathrow Airport (/ ˌ h iː θ ˈ r oʊ, ˈ h iː θ r oʊ /), called London Airport until 1966 (IATA: LHR, ICAO: EGLL), is the main international airport serving London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom.It is the largest of the six international airports in the London airport system (the others being Gatwick, City, Luton, Stansted and Southend).
- 83 ft / 25 m
- London Borough of Hillingdon, England, United Kingdom
- 61,611,381
Source: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey [3] FAA [4] John F. Kennedy International Airport [a] ( IATA: JFK, ICAO: KJFK, FAA LID: JFK) is a major international airport serving New York City and the New York metropolitan area, in the United States. The airport is the busiest of the seven airports in the New York airport system, the 6th ...
- 13 ft / 4 m
- New York metropolitan area
- 55,175,249
Source: Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport [3] Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport ( IATA: ATL, ICAO: KATL, FAA LID: ATL) is the primary international airport serving Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The airport is located 10 mi (16 km) south of the Downtown Atlanta district. It is named after former Atlanta ...
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has honored her as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement".[1] Parks became an NAACP activist in ...
