流感疫苗2020 相關
廣告
搜尋結果
In July 2020, the FDA approved both Fluad and Fluad Quadrivalent for use in the United States for the 2020–2021 influenza season. [49] [51] The B/Yamagata lineage of influenza B , one of the four lineages targeted by quadrivalent vaccines, might have become extinct in 2020/2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic measures, [52] and there have been no naturally occurring cases confirmed since March 2020.
- Afluria, Fluarix, Fluzone, others
- Influenza virus
- inactivated, attenuated, recombinant
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These symptoms begin from one to four days after exposure to the virus (typically two days) and last for ...
- Influenza viruses
- >290,000–650,000 deaths per year
t. e. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other species. [1] A bird-adapted strain of H5N1, called HPAI A (H5N1) for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1, is the highly pathogenic causative agent of H5N1 flu, commonly known as avian ...
Pandemic: How to Prevent an Outbreak is a 2020 American documentary series about pandemics. It was released on Netflix on January 22, 2020. [1] The series covers a range of issues such as the possibility of an influenza pandemic, research into achieving a universal vaccine , emerging viruses, anti-vaxxers , and the Ebola outbreak in ...
- 6
- January 22, 2020
- Medical Uses
- Side Effects
- Mechanisms of Action
- Developing World
- History
- External Sources
Hib conjugate vaccines have been shown to be effective against all manifestations of Hib disease, with a clinical efficacy among fully vaccinated children estimated to be between 95–100%. The vaccine has also been shown to be immunogenic in patients at high risk of invasive disease. Hib vaccine is not effective against non-type B Haemophilus influe...
Clinical trials and ongoing surveillance have shown Hib vaccine to be safe. In general, adverse reactions to the vaccine are mild. The most common reactions are mild fever, loss of appetite, transient redness, swelling, or pain at the site of injection, occurring in 5–30% of vaccine recipients. More severe reactions are extremely rare.[citation nee...
Polysaccharide vaccine
Haemophilus influenzae type bis a bacterium with a polysaccharide capsule; the main component of this capsule is polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP). Anti-PRP antibodies have a protective effect against Hib infections. However, the antibody response to PRP was quite variable in young children, and diminished rapidly after administration. This problem was due to recognition of the PRP antigen by B cells, but not T cells. In other words, even though B cell recognition was taking place, T cell r...
Conjugate vaccine
PRP covalently linked to a protein carrier was found to elicit a greater immune response than the polysaccharide form of the vaccine. This is due to the protein carrier being highly immunogenic in nature. The conjugate formulations show responses which are consistent with T-cell recruitment (namely a much stronger immune response). A memory effect (priming of the immune system against future attack by Hib) is also observed after administration; indicative that memory B cell formation is also...
Introduction of Hib vaccine in developing countries lagged behind that in developed countries for several reasons. The expense of the vaccine was large in comparison to the standard EPI vaccines. Poor disease surveillance systems and inadequate hospital laboratories failed to detect the disease, leading many experts to believe that Hib did not exis...
Polysaccharide vaccine
The first Hib vaccine licensed was a unconjugated polysaccharide vaccine, called PRP. This vaccine was first marketed in the United States in 1985. Similar to other unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines, serum antibody responses to PPP vaccine were highly age-dependent. Children under 18 months of age did not produce a positive response for this vaccine. As a result, the age group with the highest incidence of Hib disease was unprotected, limiting the usefulness of the vaccine. Also, post-lice...
Conjugate vaccine
The shortcomings of the polysaccharide vaccine led to the production of the Hib polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine. In 1987, the first Hib conjugate vaccine, which used diphtheria toxoid as the carrier protein (PRP-D), was licensed in the U.S. and initially recommended for children ages 18 to 59 months of age. This vaccine was based on work done by American scientists John Robbins and Rachel Schneerson. Attaching Hib polysaccharide to a protein carrier greatly increased the ability of t...
Combination vaccines
Multiple combinations of Hib and other vaccines have been licensed in the United States, reducing the number of injections necessary to vaccinate a child. Hib vaccine combined with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis–polio vaccines and hepatitis B vaccines are available in the United States. The World Health Organization (WHO) has certified several Hib vaccine combinations, including a pentavalentdiphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-hepatitis B-Hib, for use in developing countries. There is not yet sufficie...
"Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) Vaccine Information Statement". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 2021."Haemophilus B Conjugate Vaccine (Meningococcal Protein Conjugate)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 April 2019."Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 April 2019."Hiberix". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3 October 2019.- IM
- Haemophilus influenzae type b
- ActHIB, Hiberix, OmniHIB, others
- Conjugate
The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Comirnaty, [2] [32] is an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by the German biotechnology company BioNTech. For its development, BioNTech collaborated with the American company Pfizer to carry out clinical trials, logistics, and manufacturing. [44] [45] It is authorized for use ...
v. t. e. Influenza A virus subtype H7N3 (A/H7N3) is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). In North America, the presence of H7N3 was confirmed at several poultry farms in British Columbia in February 2004; flocks were culled to halt the spread of the virus. Two humans, both poultry workers, were infected ...
