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In principle, Monte Carlo methods can be used to solve any problem having a probabilistic interpretation. By the law of large numbers, integrals described by the expected value of some random variable can be approximated by taking the empirical mean (a.k.a. the 'sample mean') of independent samples of the variable.
2024 Summer Olympics medal table. Léon Marchand (pictured) won four gold medals at the 2024 Summer Olympics, the most of any competing athlete. World map showing the medal achievements of each country during the 2024 Summer Olympics.
- Etymology
- Origins
- Memetic Lifecycle: Transmission, Retention
- Memes as Discrete Units
- Evolutionary Influences on Memes
- Memetics
- Applications
- Religion
- Architectural Memes
- Internet Culture
The term meme is a shortening (modeled on gene) of mimeme, which comes from Ancient Greek mīmēma (μίμημα; pronounced [míːmɛːma]), meaning 'imitated thing', itself from mimeisthai (μιμεῖσθαι, 'to imitate'), from mimos (μῖμος, 'mime'). The word was coined by British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene (1976) as a concept for di...
Early formulations
Although Richard Dawkins invented the term meme and developed meme theory, he has not claimed that the idea was entirely novel,and there have been other expressions for similar ideas in the past. For instance, the possibility that ideas were subject to the same pressures of evolution as were biological attributes was discussed in the time of Charles Darwin. T. H. Huxley(1880) claimed that "The struggle for existence holds as much in the intellectual as in the physical world. A theory is a spe...
Dawkins
The word meme originated with Richard Dawkins' 1976 book The Selfish Gene. Dawkins cites as inspiration the work of geneticist L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, anthropologist F. T. Cloak, and ethologist J. M. Cullen.Dawkins wrote that evolution depended not on the particular chemical basis of genetics, but only on the existence of a self-replicating unit of transmission—in the case of biological evolution, the gene. For Dawkins, the meme exemplified another self-replicating unit with potential significa...
After Dawkins: Role of physical media
Initially, Dawkins did not seriously give context to the material of memetics. He considered a meme to be an idea, and thus a mental concept. However, from Dawkins' initial conception, it is how a medium might function in relation to the meme which has garnered the most attention. For example, David Hull suggested that while memes might exist as Dawkins conceives of them, he finds it important to suggest that instead of determining them as idea "replicators" (i.e. mind-determinant influences)...
Memes, analogously to genes, vary in their aptitude to replicate; successful memes remain and spread, whereas unfit ones stall and are forgotten. Thus, memes that prove more effective at replicating and surviving are selected in the meme pool.[citation needed] Memes first need retention. The longer a meme stays in its hosts, the higher its chances ...
Dawkins initially defined meme as a noun that "conveys the idea of a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation". John S. Wilkins retained the notion of meme as a kernel of cultural imitation while emphasizing the meme's evolutionary aspect, defining the meme as "the least unit of sociocultural information relative to a selection process...
Dawkins noted the three conditions that must exist for evolution to occur: 1. variation, or the introduction of new change to existing elements; 2. heredity or replication, or the capacity to create copies of elements; 3. differential "fitness", or the opportunity for one element to be more or less suited to the environment than another. Dawkins em...
Memetics is the name of the field of science that studies memes and their evolution and culture spread. While the term "meme" appeared in various forms in German and Austrian texts near the turn of the 20th century, Dawkin's unrelated use of the term in The Selfish Gene marked its emergence into mainstream study. Based on the Dawkin's framing of a ...
Opinions differ as to how best to apply the concept of memes within a "proper" disciplinary framework. One view sees memes as providing a useful philosophical perspective with which to examine cultural evolution. Proponents of this view (such as Susan Blackmore and Daniel Dennett) argue that considering cultural developments from a meme's-eye view—...
Richard Dawkins called for a re-analysis of religion in terms of the evolution of self-replicating ideas apart fromany resulting biological advantages they might bestow. He argued that the role of key replicator in cultural evolution belongs not to genes, but to memes replicating thought from person to person by means of imitation. These replicator...
In A Theory of Architecture, Nikos Salingaros speaks of memes as "freely propagating clusters of information" which can be beneficial or harmful. He contrasts memes to patterns and true knowledge, characterizing memes as "greatly simplified versions of patterns" and as "unreasoned matching to some visual or mnemonic prototype".Taking reference to D...
An "Internet meme" is a concept that spreads rapidly from person to person via the Internet. Memes can spread from person to person via social networks, blogs, direct email, or news sources. In 2013, Dawkins characterized an Internet meme as one deliberately altered by human creativity, distinguished from his original idea involving mutation "by ra...
Hollywood Walk of Fame: 2 stars (TV, Film) Vincent Leonard Price Jr. (May 27, 1911 – October 25, 1993) was an American actor. He was known for his work in the horror film genre, mostly portraying villains. He appeared on stage, television, and radio, and in more than 100 films.
Sri Lanka, [ a ] historically known as Ceylon, [ b ] and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian peninsula by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
