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Deaths. 184 (since January 2022) [6] (23 April 2024) In May 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) made an emergency announcement of the existence of a multi-country outbreak of mpox, a viral disease then commonly known as "monkeypox". [7] The initial cluster of cases was found in the United Kingdom, [8] where the first case was detected in ...
- 113 countries and territories, (111 with confirmed cases, 2 with suspected cases only)
- Travel from Nigeria (presumed/hypothesis)
- Mpox
- Monkeypox virus (MPV), Clade II, 2017–2019 outbreak subclade
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. [7] [11] The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980, [10] making smallpox the only human disease ...
- 1 to 3 weeks following exposure
- Brincidofovir
- variola major virus, variola minor virus (spread between people)
- Supportive care
- Microbiology
- Distribution
- Infection in Humans
- Lab Synthesis
- External Links
Structure
Orthopoxviruses are enveloped with brick-shaped geometries and virion dimensions around 200 nm wide and 250 nm long.
Genome
Member viruses have linear DNA genomes around 170–250 kbin length.
Lifecycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which mediate cellular endocytosis of the virus. Fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane releases the viral core into the host cytoplasm. Expression of early-phase genes by viral RNA polymerase begins at 30 minutes after infection. The viral core is completely uncoated as early expression ends, releasing the viral genome into the cytoplasm...
Some orthopoxviruses, including the mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), cowpox, and buffalopox viruses, have the ability to infect non-reservoir species. Others, such as ectromelia and camelpox viruses, are highly host-specific. Vaccinia virus, maintained in vaccine institutes and research laboratories, has a very wide host range. Vaccine-derived v...
Zoonoses
Following the eradication of the human-specific variola virus (smallpox), all human Orthopoxvirus infections are zoonoses. Monkeypox occurs naturally only in Africa, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, human and prairie dog cases have occurred in the US due to contact with animals imported from Ghana, while in May 2022 an outbreak of mpox began spreading globally. Cowpox only occurs in Europe and adjacent Russian states, and despite its name, occurs only rarely in c...
Laboratory transmission
Aerosols of concentrated virus may result inOrthopoxvirus infection, especially in unimmunized individuals.In addition, needle sticks with concentrated virus or scratches from infected animals may result in local infection of the skin even in immunized individuals. Cowpox infection in Europe is an occupational hazard for veterinary workers, and to a lesser extent, farm workers.
Signs and symptoms
The initial symptoms ofOrthopoxvirus infection include fever, malaise, head and body aches, and occasionally vomiting. With the exception of mpox infection, one lesion is the norm, although satellite lesions may be produced by accidental autoinoculation. Individual lesions, surrounded by inflammatory tissue, develop and progress through macules, papules, vesicles, and pustules, and eventually become dry crusts. (Lesions alone are not diagnostic for Orthopoxvirus infection and may be mistaken...
In the summer of 2017, researchers at the University of Alberta recreated horsepox via lab synthesis to conduct research into using viruses to treat cancer.
Viralzone: Orthopoxvirus- Orthopoxvirus
- Poxviridae
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a species of retrovirus that cause persistent infections in at least 45 species of non-human primates. Based on analysis of strains found in four species of monkeys from Bioko Island, which was isolated from the mainland by rising sea levels about 11,000 years ago, it has been concluded that SIV has been present in monkeys and apes for at least 32,000 ...
- Simian immunodeficiency virus
- Lentivirus
Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus. [3] [5] [11] [12] Symptoms usually develop 10–12 days after exposure to an infected person and last 7–10 days. [7] [8] Initial symptoms typically include fever, often greater than 40 °C (104 °F), cough, runny nose, and inflamed eyes.
Human papillomavirus infection ( HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. [5] . Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years. [1] . In some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions. [2] .
The bonobo (/bəˈnoʊboʊ, ˈbɒnəboʊ/; Pan paniscus), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee (less often the dwarf chimpanzee or gracile chimpanzee), is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan (the other being the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes).[4] While bonobos are, today, recognized as a ...
