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The Internet (or internet) [ a ] is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) [ b ] to communicate between networks and devices.
Wi-Fi 6, or IEEE 802.11ax, is an IEEE standard from the Wi-Fi Alliance, for wireless networks (WLANs). It operates in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, [9] with an extended version, Wi-Fi 6E, that adds the 6 GHz band. [10] It is an upgrade from Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac), with improvements for better performance in crowded places.
A set-top box (STB), also known as a cable box, receiver, or simply box, and historically television decoder or a converter, [1] is an information appliance device that generally contains a TV tuner input and displays output to a television set, turning the source signal into content in a form that can then be displayed on the television screen ...
An overlay network is a computer network that is layered on top of another (logical as opposed to physical) network. The concept of overlay networking is distinct from the traditional model of OSI layered networks, and almost always assumes that the underlay network is an IP network of some kind. [1]
- History
- Definitions
- Layer Architecture
- Cross-Layer Functions
- Programming Interfaces
- Comparison to Other Networking Suites
- Further Reading
- External Links
The development of the OSI model started in the late 1970s to support the emergence of the diverse computer networking methods that were competing for application in the large national networking efforts in the world (see OSI protocols and Protocol Wars). In the 1980s, the model became a working product of the Open Systems Interconnection group at ...
Communication protocols enable an entity in one host to interact with a corresponding entity at the same layer in another host. Service definitions, like the OSI model, abstractly describe the functionality provided to a layer N by a layer N−1, where Nis one of the seven layers of protocols operating in the local host. At each level N, two entities...
The recommendation X.200 describes seven layers, labelled 1 to 7. Layer 1 is the lowest layer in this model.
Cross-layer functions are services that are not tied to a given layer, but may affect more than one layer. Some orthogonal aspects, such as management and security, involve all of the layers (See ITU-T X.800 Recommendation). These services are aimed at improving the CIA triad—confidentiality, integrity, and availability—of the transmitted data.Cros...
Neither the OSI Reference Model, nor any OSI protocolspecifications, outline any programming interfaces, other than deliberately abstract service descriptions. Protocol specifications define a methodology for communication between peers, but the software interfaces are implementation-specific. For example, the Network Driver Interface Specification...
The table below presents a list of OSI layers, the original OSI protocols, and some approximatemodern matches. This correspondence is rough: the OSI model contains idiosyncrasies not found in later systems such as the IP stack in modern Internet.
John Day, "Patterns in Network Architecture: A Return to Fundamentals" (Prentice Hall 2007, ISBN 978-0-13-225242-3)David M. Piscitello, A. Lyman Chapin, Open Systems Networking(Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1993)Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 4th Edition, (Prentice-Hall, 2002) ISBN 0-13-066102-3ISO/IEC standard 7498-1:1994 (PDF document inside ZIP archive) (requires HTTP cookiesin order to accept licence agreement)"INFormation CHanGe Architectures and Flow Charts powered by Google App Engine". infchg.appspot.com. Archived from the originalon 26 May 2012.In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth-generation technology standard for cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the successor to 4G technology that provides connectivity to most current mobile phones.
Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications [1] and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual, that enable user...
