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P2P不仅仅是简单发生在分布式网络里的任一行为或生产方式：它们特指旨在增加平等参与者最广泛参与的行为或方法。 我们将在研究P2P模式的特点时详细定义这些术语，以下是最普遍和最重要的一些特征： P2P是指被创造的如下的生产方式： - 通过生产者（他们可以取得所分配的资本）之间的自由合作产生使用价值：这就是对等生产模式，“第三种生产模式”，不同于国有企业的公营或营利性生产。 其产品不具有市场上的交换价值，而在使用者团体中具有使用价值。 - 其过程和决策由生产者团体自行管理，而不受市场分配或企业管理层级的支配。 这就是P2P管理模式，或“第三种管理模式”。
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"Sardex is a regional business-to-business (B2B) "commercial credit circuit," or "credit club" - a members-only network that allows local Sardinian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to do business by extending each other euro-denominated credit rather than paying in cash."(http://www.dw.com/en/sardex-a-model-b2b-credit-club-gives-hope-to-it...
1. John Rogers: ""Two other more recent regional currency projects (City of Nantes in France and Sardexin Sardinia) are sometimes talked about as descendants of WIR (probably due to the same misunderstanding about WIR's core mechanism) but both projects are REALLY 'mutual credit' systems and their constitutions prohibit them from giving loans to bu...
Nils Zimmermann: "Sardex member businesses gain access to an online platform that allows them to do business by extending each other credit. A dentist, for example, can offer to fix the teeth of a carpenter and be paid in Sardex credits. The dentist can then use Sardex credits she's earned to buy groceries from a grocer. The grocer, in turn, can us...
Nils Zimmermann: "In 2015 we had 51 million euros in transaction volume," Littera said, adding that most of it was generated by a highly active minority comprising around one-quarter of Sardex members. "Our goal is to sign up 10,000 subscribers, or about 10 percent of Sardinia's businesses. We're at 3,200 now. ... A little over a year ago, Sardex b...
"What problems endanger monetary networks like Sardex? The first issue is preventing opportunistic behaviours that could undermine trust. The use of Internet mainly solves the problem because every transaction is public and nobody can operate anonymously. Transparency is useful also for the public finance because tax evasion is impossible inside Sa...
